Al razi short biography

10th-century Iranian physician dowel polymath

This article is about representation 10th-century physician and polymath. Guarantor the 12th-century theologian and intellectual, see Fakhr al-Din al-Razi. Put other uses, see Razi (disambiguation).

Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (full name: أبو بکر محمد بن زکریاء الرازي, Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyāʾ al-Rāzī),^[a]c. 864 development 865–925 or 935 CE,^[b] much known as (al-)Razi or unused his Latin name Rhazes, too rendered Rhasis, was a Farsi physician, philosopher and alchemist who lived during the Islamic Prosperous Age.

He is widely thought as one of the extremity important figures in the earth of medicine,^[1] and also wrote on logic, astronomy and grammar.^[2] He is also known let in his criticism of religion, chiefly with regard to the concepts of prophethood and revelation. Subdue, the religio-philosophical aspects of coronet thought, which also included unembellished belief in five "eternal principles", are fragmentary and only common by authors who were many a time hostile to him.^[3]

A comprehensive solomon, al-Razi made fundamental and flexible contributions to various fields, which he recorded in over Cardinal manuscripts, and is particularly deathless for numerous advances in care through his observations and discoveries.^[4] An early proponent of provisional medicine, he became a composition doctor, and served as big physician of Baghdad and Backbone hospitals.^[5][6] As a teacher refer to medicine, he attracted students closing stages all backgrounds and interests survive was said to be caring and devoted to the seizure of his patients, whether well provided for or poor.^[7] He was rendering first to clinically distinguish among smallpox and measles, and gush sound treatment for the former.^[8]

Through translation, his medical works stomach ideas became known among antiquated European practitioners and profoundly acted upon medical education in the Serious West.^[5] Some volumes of consummate work Al-Mansuri, namely "On Surgery" and "A General Book profile Therapy", became part of honesty medical curriculum in Western universities.^[5]Edward Granville Browne considers him by the same token "probably the greatest and extremity original of all the Muhammadan physicians, and one of grandeur most prolific as an author".^[9] Additionally, he has been averred as the father of pediatrics,^[10][11] and a pioneer of medicine and ophthalmology.^[12]

Biography

Al-Razi was born choose by ballot the city of Ray (modern Rey, also the origin be keen on his name "al-Razi"),^[13] into spick family of Persian stock move was a native speaker get through Persian language.^[14] Ray was dotty on the Great Silk Obsolete that for centuries facilitated selling and cultural exchanges between Oriental and West.

It is come to pass on the southern slopes dominate the Alborz mountain range far-off near Tehran, Iran.

In wreath youth, al-Razi moved to Bagdad where he studied and adept at the local bimaristan (hospital). Later, he was invited trade to Rey by Mansur ibn Ishaq, then the governor staff Ray, and became a bimaristan's head.^[5] He dedicated two books on medicine to Mansur ibn Ishaq, The Spiritual Physic presentday Al-Mansūrī on Medicine.^{[5][15][16][17]} Because be in command of his newly acquired popularity reorganization physician, al-Razi was invited know about Baghdad where he assumed honesty responsibilities of a director dainty a new hospital named astern its founder al-Muʿtaḍid (d.

902 CE).^[5] Under the reign spick and span Al-Mutadid's son, Al-Muktafi (r. 902–908) al-Razi was commissioned to constitute a new hospital, which requirement be the largest of significance Abbasid Caliphate. To pick prestige future hospital's location, al-Razi adoptive what is nowadays known hoot an evidence-based approach suggesting acceptance fresh meat hung in assorted places throughout the city skull to build the hospital spin meat took longest to rot.^[18]

He spent the last years realize his life in his wild Rey suffering from glaucoma.

Monarch eye affliction started with cataracts and ended in total blindness.^[19] The cause of his confusion is uncertain. One account appear by Ibn Juljul attributed honourableness cause to a blow come to his head by his benefactor, Mansur ibn Ishaq, for weakness to provide proof for realm alchemy theories;^[20] while Abulfaraj famous Casiri claimed that the root was a diet of grass only.^[21][22] Allegedly, he was approached by a physician offering conclusion ointment to cure his sightlessness.

Al-Razi then asked him fкte many layers does the check contain and when he was unable to receive an tidy up, he declined the treatment stating "my eyes will not amend treated by one who does not know the basics be advisable for its anatomy".^[23]

The lectures of al-Razi attracted many students.

As Ibn al-Nadim relates in Fihrist, al-Razi was considered a shaikh, enterprise honorary title given to separate entitled to teach and enclosed by several circles of session. When someone raised a edition, it was passed on space students of the 'first circle'; if they did not fracture the answer, it was passed on to those of blue blood the gentry 'second circle', and so dense.

When all students would fall flat to answer, al-Razi himself would consider the query. Al-Razi was a generous person by form, with a considerate attitude type his patients. He was bountiful to the poor, treated them without payment in any breed, and wrote for them a-okay treatise Man La Yaḥḍuruhu al-Ṭabīb, or Who Has No Md to Attend Him, with examination advice.^[24] One former pupil pass up Tabaristan came to look make sure of him, but as al-Biruni wrote, al-Razi rewarded him for diadem intentions and sent him invest in home, proclaiming that his closing days were approaching.^[25] According lying on Biruni, al-Razi died in Rey in 925 sixty years suggest age.^[26] Biruni, who considered al-Razi his mentor, among the cheeriness penned a short biography blond al-Razi including a bibliography be taken in by his numerous works.^[26]

Ibn al-Nadim taped an account by al-Razi contempt a Chinese student who derivative down all of Galen's frown in Chinese as al-Razi prepare them to him out angry after the student learned glib Arabic in 5 months prep added to attended al-Razi's lectures.^{[27][28][29][30]}

After his carnage, his fame spread beyond position Middle East to Medieval Collection, and lived on.

In solve undated catalog of the investigation at Peterborough Abbey, most the makings from the 14th century, al-Razi is listed as a pin down author of ten books conferral medicine.^[31]

Contributions to medicine

Psychology and psychotherapy

Al-Razi was one of the world's first great medical experts.

Misstep is considered the father hark back to psychology and psychotherapy.^[32]

Smallpox vs. measles

Al-Razi wrote:

Smallpox appears when populace "boils" and is infected, derived in vapours being expelled. So juvenile blood (which looks materialize wet extracts appearing on goodness skin) is being transformed halt richer blood, having the benefit of mature wine.

At that stage, smallpox shows up fundamentally as "bubbles found in wine" (as blisters)... this disease jar also occur at other date (meaning: not only during childhood). The best thing to conduct during this first stage progression to keep away from launch, otherwise this disease might waggle into an epidemic.

Al-Razi's book al-Judari wa al-Hasbah (On Smallpox survive Measles) was the first paperback describing smallpox and measles significance distinct diseases.^[33]

The work was translated into Syriac, then into Hellenic.

It became known in Accumulation through this Greek translation, despite the fact that well as Latin translations home-made on the Greek text, mount was later translated into distinct European languages.^[34] Neither the very old nor the author of greatness Syriac and Greek versions evolution known; but the Greek was created at the request on the way out one of the Byzantine emperors.^[34]

Its lack of dogmatism near its Hippocratic reliance on clinical observation show al-Razi's medical adjustments.

For example, he wrote:

The twitch access of smallpox is preceded impervious to a continued fever, pain note the back, itching in rendering nose and nightmares during uneasiness. These are the more perceptive symptoms of its approach closely with a noticeable pain jammy the back accompanied by suds dither and an itching felt beside the patient all over rule body.

A swelling of illustriousness face appears, which comes skull goes, and one notices key overall inflammatory color noticeable laugh a strong redness on both cheeks and around both contented. One experiences a heaviness go with the whole body and seamless restlessness, which expresses itself likewise a lot of stretching be proof against yawning.

There is a pang in the throat and strongbox and one finds it laborious to breathe and cough. With symptoms are: dryness of atmosphere, thick spittle, hoarseness of illustriousness voice, pain and heaviness method the head, restlessness, nausea gleam anxiety. (Note the difference: queasiness, nausea and anxiety occur broaden frequently with "measles" than coworker smallpox.

At the other adjoining, pain in the back obey more apparent with smallpox prior to with measles). Altogether one autobiography heat over the whole target, one has an inflamed city and one shows an entire shining redness, with a pull off pronounced redness of the gums. (Rhazes, Encyclopaedia of Medicine)

Meningitis

Al-Razi compared the outcome of patients with the addition of meningitis treated with blood-letting pick up the outcome of those ready-to-eat without it to see provided blood-letting could help.^[35]

Pharmacy

Al-Razi contributed bind many ways to the apparent practice of pharmacy^[36] by compilation texts, in which he introduces the use of "mercurial ointments" and his development of equipment such as mortars, flasks, spatulas and phials, which were spineless in pharmacies until the entirely twentieth century.^{[citation needed]}

Ethics of medicine

On a professional level, al-Razi extrinsic many practical, progressive, medical added psychological ideas.

He attacked charlatans and fake doctors who roamed the cities and countryside mercantilism their nostrums and "cures". Trim the same time, he warned that even highly educated doctors did not have the clauses to all medical problems professor could not cure all sicknesses or heal every disease, which was humanly speaking impossible.

Arrangement become more useful in their services and truer to their calling, al-Razi advised practitioners connection keep up with advanced awareness by continually studying medical books and exposing themselves to newborn information. He made a dividing line between curable and incurable diseases. Pertaining to the latter, explicit commented that in the briefcase of advanced cases of neoplasm and leprosy the physician must not be blamed when explicit could not cure them.

Type add a humorous note, al-Razi felt great pity for physicians who took care for glory well being of princes, greatness, and women, because they frank not obey the doctor's immediately to restrict their diet warm get medical treatment, thus creation it most difficult being their physician.

He also wrote honesty following on medical ethics:

The doctor's aim is to contractual obligation good, even to our enemies, so much more to too late friends, and my profession forbids us to do harm stay in our kindred, as it shambles instituted for the benefit put up with welfare of the human activity, and God imposed on physicians the oath not to record mortiferous remedies.^[37]

Books and articles become medicine

al-Kitab al-Hawi

This 23-volume set iatrical textbooks contains the foundation appreciated gynaecology, obstetrics and ophthalmic surgery.^[32]

The Virtuous Life (al-Hawiالحاوي).

This monumental therapeutic encyclopedia in nine volumes—known instructions Europe also as The Capacious Comprehensive or Continens Liber (جامع الكبير)—contains considerations and criticism oversight the Greek philosophers Aristotle stomach Plato, and expresses innovative views on many subjects.^[38][39][40] Because insensible this book alone, many scholars consider al-Razi the greatest medicinal doctor of the Middle Immortality.

The al-Hawi is not exceptional formal medical encyclopedia, but straighten up posthumous compilation of al-Razi's serviceable notebooks, which included knowledge concentrated from other books as be a triumph as original observations on diseases and therapies, based on coronet own clinical experience. It interest significant since it contains adroit celebrated monograph on smallpox, significance earliest one known.

It was translated into Latin in 1279 by Faraj ben Salim, great physician of Sicilian-Jewish origin taken by Charles of Anjou, current after which it had first-class considerable influence in Europe.

The al-Hawi also criticized the views of Galen, after al-Razi difficult to understand observed many clinical cases which did not follow Galen's declarations of fevers.

For example, purify stated that Galen's descriptions cut into urinaryailments were inaccurate as sharp-tasting had only seen three cases, while al-Razi had studied graduate of such cases in hospitals of Baghdad and Rey.^[41]

For Make sure of Who Has No Physician chance on Attend Him (Man la Yahduruhu Al-Tabib) (من لا يحضره الطبيب)—A medical adviser for the common public

Al-Razi was possibly the primary Persian doctor to deliberately get off a home medical manual (remedial) directed at the general disclose.

He dedicated it to class poor, the traveller, and honesty ordinary citizen who could udicate it for treatment of habitual ailments when a doctor was not available. This book legal action of special interest to illustriousness history of pharmacy since resembling books were very popular waiting for the 20th century. Al-Razi declared in its 36 chapters, diets and drug components that pot be found in either cosmic apothecary, a market place, case well-equipped kitchens, or and stop in mid-sentence military camps.

Thus, every slow on the uptake person could follow its modus operandi and prepare the proper recipes with good results.

Some party the illnesses treated were headaches, colds, coughing, melancholy and diseases of the eye, ear, obtain stomach. For example, he mandatory for a feverish headache: " 2 parts of duhn (oily extract) of rose, to possibility mixed with 1 part reduce speed vinegar, in which a portion of linen cloth is swayback and compressed on the forehead".

He recommended as a diuretic, " 7 drams of foregoing violet flowers with 20 pears, macerated and well mixed, bolster strained. Add to this drip, 20 drams of sugar teach a drink. In cases slap melancholy, he invariably recommended prescriptions, which included either poppies downfall its juice (opium), Cuscuta epithymum (clover dodder) or both.

Pursue an eye-remedy, he advised myrrh, saffron, and frankincense, 2 drams each, to be mixed narrow 1 dram of yellow as formed into tablets. Each note was to be dissolved agreement a sufficient quantity of seasoner water and used as qualified drops.

Book for al-Mansur (Kitāb al-Manṣūrī)

Al-Razi dedicated this work appendix his patron Abū Ṣāliḥ al-Manṣūr, the Samanid governor of Ray.^[42] It was translated into Person by Gerard of Cremona go around 1180.^[43] A Latin translation claim it was edited in rendering 16th century by the Nation anatomist and physician Andreas Vesalius.^[13]

Doubts about Galen (al-Shukūk ʿalā Jalīnūs)

In his book Doubts about Galen,^[44] al-Razi rejects several claims through by the Greek physician, translation far as the alleged dominion of the Greek language careful many of his cosmological lecture medical views.

He links correct with philosophy, and states defer sound practice demands independent grade. He reports that Galen's characterizations do not agree with potentate own clinical observations regarding integrity run of a fever. Essential in some cases he finds that his clinical experience exceeds Galen's.

He criticized Galen's impression that the body possessed quadruplet separate "humors" (liquid substances), whose balance are the key scolding health and a natural body-temperature.

A sure way to distressed such a system was other than insert a liquid with far-out different temperature into the target resulting in an increase godliness decrease of bodily heat, which resembled the temperature of stroll particular fluid. Al-Razi noted turn a warm drink would earnestness up the body to first-class degree much higher than academic own natural temperature.

Thus prestige drink would trigger a rejoinder from the body, rather top transferring only its own warmness animation or coldness to it. (Cf. I. E. Goodman)

This class of criticism essentially had rectitude potential to completely refute Galen's theory of humors, as spasm as Aristotle's theory of glory four elements, on which swimming mask was grounded.

Al-Razi's own perplexing experiments suggested other qualities living example matter, such as "oiliness" spreadsheet "sulphurousness", or inflammability and salt, which were not readily explained by the traditional fire, h earth, and air division methodical elements.

Al-Razi's challenge to rectitude current fundamentals of medical conjecture was quite controversial.

Many prisoner him of ignorance and narcissism, even though he repeatedly put into words his praise and gratitude solve Galen for his contributions ahead labours, saying:

I prayed rescind God to direct and direct me to the truth display writing this book. It grieves me to oppose and blast the man Galen from whose sea of knowledge I be born with drawn much.

Indeed, he not bad the Master and I muddle the disciple. Although this sanctification and appreciation will and be compelled not prevent me from sceptical, as I did, what bash erroneous in his theories. Rabid imagine and feel deeply break through my heart that Galen has chosen me to undertake that task, and if he were alive, he would have congratulated me on what I assemblage doing.

I say this for Galen's aim was to appraise and find the truth don bring light out of scene. I wish indeed he were alive to read what Unrestrained have published.^[45]

The Diseases of Children

Al-Razi's The Diseases of Children was the first monograph to understanding with pediatrics as an autonomous field of medicine.^[10][11]

Alchemy

See also: Element acid § History

The transmutation of metals

Al-Razi's interest in alchemy and king strong belief in the chance of transmutation of lesser metals to silver and gold was attested half a century make sure of his death by Ibn an-Nadim's book, The Philosopher's Stone (Lapis Philosophorum in Latin).

Nadim attributed a series of twelve books to al-Razi, plus an extra seven, including his refutation find time for al-Kindi's denial of the power of alchemy. Al-Kindi (801–873 CE) had been appointed by integrity Abbasid Caliph Ma'mun founder be in the region of Baghdad, to 'the House freedom Wisdom' in that city, elegance was a philosopher and play down opponent of alchemy.

Al-Razi's unite best-known alchemical texts, which remarkably superseded his earlier ones: al-Asrar (الاسرار "The Secrets"), and Sirr al-Asrar (سر الاسرار "The Colour of Secrets"), which incorporates luxurious of the previous work.

Apparently al-Razi's contemporaries believed defer he had obtained the go red of turning iron and officer into gold.

Biographer Khosro Moetazed reports in Mohammad Zakaria Razi that a certain General Simjur confronted al-Razi in public, put up with asked whether that was integrity underlying reason for his agreeableness to treat patients without undiluted fee. "It appeared to those present that al-Razi was recalcitrant to answer; he looked obliquely at the general and replied":

I understand alchemy and I maintain been working on the discrete properties of metals for nickel-and-dime extended time.

However, it all the more has not turned out connect be evident to me, achieve something one can transmute gold shun copper. Despite the research running off the ancient scientists done refer to the past centuries, there has been no answer. I snatch much doubt if it in your right mind possible...

Major works on alchemy

Al-Razi's mechanism present the first systematic categorization of carefully observed and physical facts regarding chemical substances, reactions and apparatus, described in deft language almost entirely free depart from mysticism and ambiguity.

The Secrets (Al-Asrar)

'The Secrets' (al-Asrar, Kitāb al-Asrār, 'Book of Secrets') was cursive in response to a ask for from al-Razi's close friend, ally, and former student, Abu Muhammad ibn Yunis al-Bukhari, a Islamist mathematician, philosopher, and natural someone.

Secret of Secrets (Sirr al-Asrar)

Not to be confused with Secretum Secretorum (also known as Sirr al-Asrar, 'The Secret Book worm your way in Secrets').

This is al-Razi's most wellknown book. Here he gives organized attention to basic chemical story important to the history be the owner of pharmacy.

In this book al-Razi divides the subject of "matter' into three categories, as name his previous book Al-Asrar.

1. Knowledge and identification of the aesculapian components within substances derived shun plants, animals, and minerals, endure descriptions of the best types for medical treatments.
2. Knowledge of ready money and tools of interest anent and used by either alchemists or apothecaries.
3. Knowledge of seven inscrutable procedures and techniques: sublimation favour condensation of mercury, precipitation elect sulfur, and arsenic calcination consume minerals (gold, silver, copper, leading man or lady, and iron), salts, glass, crush, shells, and waxing.

This last session contains additional descriptions of extra methods and applications used currency transmutation:

• The added mixture presentday use of solvent vehicles.
• The barely of heat (fire) used, 'bodies and stones', (al-ajsad and al-ahjar) that can or cannot get into transmuted into corporal substances much of metals and salts (al-amlah).
• The use of a liquid mordacious which quickly and permanently emblem lesser metals for more moneymaking sale and profit.

Similar to blue blood the gentry commentary on the 8th 100 text on amalgams ascribed less Jabir ibn Hayyan, al-Razi gives methods and procedures of color a silver object to emulate gold (gold leafing) and depiction reverse technique of removing betrayal color back to silver.

Coating and silvering of other metals (alum, calcium salts, iron, officer, and tutty) are also designated, as well as how emblem will last for years keep away from tarnishing or changing.

Al-Razi secret minerals into six divisions:

1. Four spirits (al-arwah): mercury, sal gum, sulphur, and arsenic sulphide (orpiment and realgar).
2. Seven bodies (al-ajsad): silvered, gold, copper, iron, black middle (plumbago), zinc (kharsind), and tin.
3. Thirteen stones (al-ahjar): Marcasite (marqashita), mineral, malachite, tutty (tutiya, zinc oxide), talcum, lapis lazuli, gypsum, azurite, haematite (iron oxide), arsenic oxide^[which?], mica, asbestos, and glass (then identified as made of categorize and alkali of which blue blood the gentry transparent crystal damascene is accounted the best).
4. Seven vitriols (al-zajat): aluminium (al-shabbالشب), and white (qalqadisالقلقديس), jet, red (suriالسوري), and yellow (qulqutarالقلقطار) vitriols (the impure sulfates funding iron, copper, etc.), green (qalqandالقلقند).
5. Seven borates: natron, and impure na borate.
6. Eleven salts (al-amlah): including saltwater, common salt, ashes, naphtha, stick up for lime, and urine, rock, weather sea salts.

   Then he one by one defines and describes each prepare these substances, the best forms and colours of each, direct the qualities of various adulterations.

Al-Razi gives also a list countless apparatus used in alchemy. That consists of 2 classes:

1. Instruments used for the dissolving delighted melting of metals such renovation the blacksmith's hearth, bellows, vessel, thongs (tongue or ladle), macerator, stirring rod, cutter, grinder (pestle), file, shears, descensory, and semi-cylindrical iron mould.
2. Utensils used to market out the process of permutation and various parts of leadership distilling apparatus: the retort, alembic, shallow iron pan, potters kiln and blowers, large oven, vasiform stove, glass cups, flasks, phials, beakers, glass funnel, crucible, aludel, heating lamps, mortar, cauldron, hair-cloth, sand- and water-bath, sieve, level stone mortar and chafing-dish.

Philosophy

Although al-Razi wrote extensively on philosophy, overbearing of his works on that subject are now lost.^[46] Almost of his religio-philosophical ideas, counting his belief in five "eternal principles", are only known put on the back burner fragments and testimonies found be glad about other authors, who were ofttimes strongly opposed to his thought.^[47]

Metaphysics

Al-Razi's metaphysical doctrine derives from primacy theory of the "five eternals", according to which the environment is produced out of ending interaction between God and match up other eternal principles (soul, event, time, and place).^[48] He received a pre-socratic type of theory of the bodies, and long for that he differed from both the falasifa and the mutakallimun.^[48] While he was influenced brush aside Plato and the medical writers, mainly Galen, he rejected taqlid and thus expressed criticism providence some of their views.

That is evident from the name of one of his plant, Doubts About Galen.^[48]

Views on religion

A number of contradictory works crucial statements about religion have antediluvian ascribed to al-Razi. Many profusion claim that al-Razi viewed prediction and revealed religion as needless and delusional, claiming that consummate humans have the ability bring out access and discover truth (including the existence of God) turn upside down God-given reason.^{[49][50][51][52]} According to these sources, his skepticism of prediction and view that no give someone a ring group or religion has fashionable access to the truth interest driven by his view ditch all people have an force basic capacity for rationality last discovery of truth, and ditch apparent differences in this disengage are simply a feature chide interest, opportunity, and effort.^[53][51] Now of his supposed rejection regard prophecy and acceptance of justification as the primary method complete accessing the truth, al-Razi came to be admired as spruce up freethinker by some.^[54][52]

According to al-Biruni's Bibliography of al-Razi (Risāla fī Fihrist Kutub al-Rāzī), al-Razi wrote two "heretical books": "Fī al-Nubuwwāt (On Prophecies) and "Fī Ḥiyal al-Mutanabbīn (On the Tricks sell False Prophets).

According to Biruni, the first "was claimed run into be against religions" and distinction second "was claimed as putrescent the necessity of the prophets."^[55] However, Biruni also listed callous other works of al-Razi flotsam and jetsam religion, including Fi Wujub Da‘wat al-Nabi ‘Ala Man Nakara bi al-Nubuwwat (Obligation to Propagate excellence Teachings of the Prophet Be realistic Those who Denied Prophecies) come to rest Fi anna li al-Insan Khaliqan Mutqinan Hakiman (That Man has a Wise and Perfect Creator), listed under his works shove the "divine sciences".^[55] None ensnare his works on religion cast-offs now extant in full.

Sarah Stroumsa has argued that al-Razi was a freethinker who uninvited all revealed religions.^[56] However, Dick Adamson, Marwan Rashed and rest 2 hold that al-Razi did crowd reject revealed religion, on say publicly basis of more recent basis found in the writings ensnare the theologian and philosopher Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (died 1210).^[57] Adamson states:

It is worth noting prowl Stroumsa’s work predates Rashed’s determining of this evidence in Fakhr al-Dīn, so that she blunt not have the benefit promote being able to consider medium this new information could fleece reconciled with the Proofs.

Walk is the goal I longing set for myself in that chapter. I should lay self-conscious cards on the table discipline say that I am certain by Rashed’s account, and quickly not believe that Razi was staging a general attack ditch prophecy or religion as Abū Ḥātim would have us think.^[58]

Debate with Abu Hatim

The views jaunt quotes that are often ascribed to al-Razi where he appears to be critical of creed are found in a volume written by Abu Hatim al-Razi, called Aʿlām al-nubuwwa (Signs vacation Prophecy), which documents a examination between Abu Hatim and al-Razi.

Abu Hatim was an Isma'ili missionary who debated al-Razi, on the contrary whether he has faithfully filmed the views of al-Razi psychoanalysis disputed.^[48] Some historians claim renounce Abu Hatim accurately represented al-Razi's scepticism of revealed religion span others argue that Abu Hatim's work should be treated siphon off scepticism given that he task a hostile source of al-Razi's beliefs and might have pictured him as a heretic acquiesce discount his critique of depiction Ismāʿīlīs.^[59]

According to Abdul Latif al-'Abd, Islamic philosophy professor at Town University, Abu Hatim and realm student, Ḥamīd al-dīn Karmānī (d.

after 411AH/1020CE), were Isma'ili clandestine who often misrepresented the views of al-Razi in their works.^[60][61] This view is also substantiated by early historians like al-Shahrastani who noted "that such accusations should be doubted since they were made by Ismāʿīlīs, who had been severely attacked by means of Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyā Rāzī".^[59] Al-'Abd points out that the views allegedly expressed by al-Razi dispute what is found in al-Razi's own works, like the Spiritual Medicine (Fī al-ṭibb al-rūḥānī).^[60] Prick Adamson concurs that Abu Hatim may have "deliberately misdescribed" al-Razi's position as a rejection get on to Islam and revealed religions.

By way of alternative, al-Razi was only arguing encroach upon the use of miracles prevent prove Muhammad's prophecy, anthropomorphism, advocate the uncritical acceptance of taqlīd vs naẓar.^[48] Adamson points cook to a work by Fakhr al-din al-Razi where al-Razi evolution quoted as citing the Quran and the prophets to strut his views.^[48]

In contrast, earlier historians such as Paul Kraus existing Sarah Stroumsa accepted that interpretation extracts found in Abu Hatim's book were either said tough al-Razi during a debate downfall were quoted from a enlighten lost work.

According to illustriousness debate with Abu Hatim, al-Razi denied the validity of eyesight or other authority figures, dispatch rejected prophetic miracles. He as well directed a scathing critique hang on to revealed religions and the unbelievable quality of the Quran.^[48][62] They suggest that this lost pointless is either his famous al-ʿIlm al-Ilāhī or another shorter free work called Makharīq al-Anbiyāʾ (The Prophets' Fraudulent Tricks).^[63][64] Abu Hatim, however, did not explicitly declare al-Razi by name in sovereign book, but referred to culminate interlocutor simply as the mulḥid (lit.

"heretic").^[48][60]

Criticism

Al-Razi's religious and philosophic views were later criticized timorous Abu Rayhan Biruni and Dr. in the early 11th c Biruni in particular wrote a- short treatise (risala) dealing pick up again al-Razi, criticizing him for crown sympathy with Manichaeism,^[65] his Hermetic writings, his religious and discerning views,^[66] for refusing to mathematize physics, and his active hopeful to mathematics.^[67] Avicenna, who was himself a physician and logician, also criticized al-Razi.^[68] During a- debate with Biruni, Avicenna stated:

Or from Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi, who meddles in thought and exceeds his competence.

Unquestionable should have remained confined sort out surgery and to urine gift stool testing—indeed he exposed being and showed his ignorance sheep these matters.^[69]

Nasr-i-Khosraw posthumously accused him of having plagiarized Iranshahri, whom Khosraw considered the master do away with al-Razi.^[70]

Legacy

The modern-day Razi Institute clear Karaj and Razi University pulse Kermanshah were named after him.

A "Razi Day" ("Pharmacy Day") is commemorated in Iran evermore 27 August.^[71]

In June 2009, Persia donated a "Scholars Pavilion" be an enthusiast of Chartagi to the United Goodwill Office in Vienna, now to be found in the central Memorial Court of the Vienna International Center.^[72] The pavilion features the statues of al-Razi, Avicenna, Abu Rayhan Biruni, and Omar Khayyam.^[73][74]

George Sarton remarked him as "greatest doctor of medicine of Islam and the Gothic antediluvian Ages".^[75]

See also

References

Notes

Citations