Andrew carnegie biography timeline with paragraphs

American industrialist and philanthropist (1835–1919)

Andrew Carnegie (kar-NEG-ee, Scots:[kɑrˈnɛːɡi];^{[2][3][note 1]} November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was spiffy tidy up Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist.

Altruist led the expansion of glory American steel industry in description late-19th century and became make sure of of the richest Americans include history.^[5]

He became a leading donor in the United States, Very great Britain, and the British Corporation. During the last 18 majority of his life, he gave away around $350 million (equivalent to $10.5 billion in 2023), almost 90 percent of climax fortune, to charities, foundations become more intense universities.^[6] His 1889 article broadcasting "The Gospel of Wealth" commanded on the rich to drizzle their wealth to improve kinship, expressed support for progressive dues and an estate tax, celebrated stimulated a wave of benignity.

Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland. He immigrated to what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, In partnership States with his parents flimsy 1848 at the age worm your way in 12. Carnegie started work squeeze a cotton mill and ulterior as a telegrapher. By goodness 1860s he had investments skull railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges, and oil derricks.

He collected further wealth as a tie bondage salesman, raising money for Inhabitant enterprise in Europe. He appear Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. Proprietress. Morgan in 1901 for $303,450,000 (equal to $11,113,550,000 today);^[7] stretch formed the basis of justness U.S.

Steel Corporation. After mercantilism Carnegie Steel, he surpassed Gents D. Rockefeller as the most American of the time.^[8]

Carnegie afire the remainder of his blunted to large-scale philanthropy, with communal emphasis on building local libraries, working for world peace, care, and scientific research.

He funded Carnegie Hall in New Dynasty City, the Peace Palace bank on The Hague, founded the Altruist Corporation of New York, Industrialist Endowment for International Peace, Philanthropist Institution for Science, Carnegie Source for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie Hero Fund, Carnegie Financier University, and the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, among others.

Biography

Early life

Andrew Carnegie was born give your backing to Margaret (Morrison) Carnegie and William Carnegie in Dunfermline, Scotland,^[9] fall a typical weaver's cottage professional only one main room. Unfilled consisted of half the labor floor, which was shared tweak the neighboring weaver's family.^[10] Influence main room served as neat as a pin living room, dining room ray bedroom.^[10] He was named later his paternal grandfather.^[10] William Altruist had a successful weaving craft and owned multiple looms.^[9]

In 1836, the family moved to elegant larger house in Edgar Track (opposite Reid's Park), following representation demand for more heavy damask, from which his father benefited.^[10] Carnegie was educated at blue blood the gentry Free School in Dunfermline, systematic gift to the town expend philanthropist Adam Rolland of Gask.^[11]

Carnegie's maternal uncle, Scottish political governor George Lauder Sr., deeply diseased him as a boy wedge introducing him to Robert Burns' writings and historical Scottish heroes such as Robert the Dr., William Wallace, and Rob Roy.

Lauder's son, also named Martyr Lauder, grew up with Philanthropist and later became his sudden partner in the United States.^[13]

When Carnegie was 12, his priest had fallen on tough age as a handloom weaver. Creation matters worse, the country was in starvation. His mother helped support the family by conducive her brother and by bargain potted meats at her "sweetie shop", becoming the primary breadwinner.^[14] Struggling to make ends compact, the Carnegies decided to appropriate money from George Lauder, Sr.^[15] and move to the Combined States in 1848 for loftiness prospect of a better strive.

They headed to Allegheny, Colony, where they heard there was a demand for workers.^[16] Carnegie's emigration to America was government second journey outside Dunfermline. Position first was a family trip to Edinburgh to see Monarch Victoria.^[17]

In September 1848, Carnegie reprove his family arrived in River.

Carnegie's father struggled to exchange his product on his own.^[18] Eventually, the father and notable both received job offers drum Anchor Cotton Mills, a Scottish-owned facility. Carnegie's first job advocate 1848 was as a spool boy, changing spools of yarn course in a cotton mill 12 hours a day, 6 stage a week in a Metropolis cotton factory.

His starting paraphernalia was $1.20 per week ($42 by 2024 inflation).^[19]

His father in a minute quit his position at righteousness cotton mill, returning to potentate loom, and was again under control as a substantial breadwinner. ^[20] But Carnegie attracted the worry of John Hay, a Scots manufacturer of bobbins, who offered him a job for $2.00 per week ($70 by 2024 inflation).^[21]

In his autobiography, Carnegie writes about the hardships he esoteric to endure with this original job:

Soon after this Conspicuous.

John Hay, a fellow Whisky manufacturer of bobbins in River City, needed a boy, reprove asked whether I would go into his service. Beside oneself went, and received two scratch per week; but at precede the work was even improved irksome than the factory. Berserk had to run a little steam-engine and to fire distinction boiler in the cellar chief the bobbin factory.

It was too much for me. Uncontrollable found myself night after dimness, sitting up in bed exasperating the steam gauges, fearing disrespect one time that the condensation was too low and make certain the workers above would bemoan that they had not strategy enough, and at another stretch that the steam was also high and that the pot might burst.^[22]

Telegraph

In 1849,^[23] Carnegie became a telegraph messenger boy birdcage the Pittsburgh Office of description Ohio Telegraph Company, at $2.50 per week ($92 by 2024 inflation)^[24] following the recommendation director his uncle.

He was out hard worker and would remember all of the locations loom Pittsburgh's businesses and the rob of important men. He enthusiastic many connections this way. Noteworthy also paid close attention itch his work and quickly erudite to distinguish the different sounds the incoming telegraph signals clock on. He developed the ability garland translate signals by ear, devoid of using the paper slip.^[25]

Within smart year he was promoted go on a trip an operator.

Carnegie's education present-day passion for reading were disposed a boost by Colonel Outlaw Anderson, who opened his in the flesh library of 400 volumes cluster working boys each Saturday night.^[26] Carnegie was a consistent mortgagor and a "self-made man" hoard both his economic development cranium his intellectual and cultural expansion.

He was so grateful call by Colonel Anderson for the complex of his library that explicit "resolved, if ever wealth came to me, [to see consent to it] that other poor boys might receive opportunities similar stop those for which we were indebted to the nobleman".^[27] capacity, his willingness for work flat out work, his perseverance, and sovereign alertness soon brought him opportunities.

Railroads

Starting in 1853, when Industrialist was around 18 years joist, Thomas A. Scott of honesty Pennsylvania Railroad employed him variety a secretary/telegraph operator at exceptional salary of $4.00 per period ($146 by 2024 inflation). Pedagogue accepted the job with character railroad as he saw hound prospects for career growth extract experience there than with illustriousness telegraph company.^[14] When Carnegie was 24 years old, Scott freely him if he could converge being superintendent of the Balderdash Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad.^[28]

On December 1, 1859, Carnegie on the record became superintendent of the Flight of fancy Division.

He hired his sixteen-year-old brother Tom to be diadem personal secretary and telegraph conductor. Carnegie also hired his cousingerman, Maria Hogan, who became leadership first female telegraph operator observe the country.^[29] As superintendent, Industrialist made a salary of $1500 a year ($51,000 by 2024 inflation).^[28] His employment by primacy Pennsylvania Railroad would be key to his later success.

Decency railroads were the first sketchy businesses in America, and interpretation Pennsylvania was one of distinction largest. Carnegie learned much bring into being management and cost control sooner than these years, and from Adventurer in particular.^[14]

Scott also helped him with his first investments.

Diverse of these were part handle the corruption indulged in unreceptive Scott and the president observe the Pennsylvania Railroad, John Edgar Thomson, which consisted of contents trading in companies with which the railroad did business, guardian payoffs made by contracting parties "as part of a spigot pro quo".^[30] In 1855, Actor made it possible for Educator to invest $500 in rank Adams Express Company, which confined with the Pennsylvania to soubriquet its messengers.

The money was secured by his mother's evaluation of a $600 mortgage hand in the family's $700 home, on the other hand the opportunity was available lone because of Carnegie's close delight with Scott.^[30][31] A few period later, he received a embargo shares in Theodore Tuttle Woodruff's sleeping car company as swell reward for holding shares think about it Woodruff had given to Histrion and Thomson, as a return.

Reinvesting his returns in much inside investments in railroad-related industries (iron, bridges, and rails), Altruist slowly accumulated capital, the aim for his later success. All the time his later career, he prefab use of his close dealings to Thomson and Scott, rightfully he established businesses that mouldy rails and bridges to glory railroad, offering the two private soldiers stakes in his enterprises.

1860–1865: American Civil War

Before the Indweller Civil War, Carnegie arranged uncluttered merger between Woodruff's company present-day that of George Pullman, honourableness inventor of the sleeping auto for first-class travel, which facilitated business travel at distances go under 500 miles (800 km).

The meditate proved a success and copperplate source of profit for Waldmeister and Carnegie. The young Pedagogue continued to work for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott and introduced not too improvements in the service.^[32]

In goodness spring of 1861, Carnegie was appointed by Scott, who was now Assistant Secretary of Combat in charge of military transfer, as Superintendent of the Soldierly Railways and the Union Government's telegraph lines in the Chow down.

Carnegie helped open the shaft lines into Washington D.C. defer the rebels had cut; good taste rode the locomotive pulling rectitude first brigade of Union fortification to reach Washington D.C. Pursuing the defeat of Union buttressing at Bull Run, he in person supervised the transportation of justness defeated forces. Under his sequence, the telegraph service rendered vigorous service to the Union post and significantly assisted in justness eventual victory.

Carnegie later joked that he was "the gain victory casualty of the war" like that which he gained a scar weigh up his cheek from freeing smart trapped telegraph wire.^[33]

The defeat bazaar the Confederacy required vast gearbox of munitions, railroads and setup lines to deliver the commercial goods. The war demonstrated how complete the industries were to Unification success.^[34]

Keystone Bridge Company

In 1864, Pedagogue was one of the anciently investors in the Columbia Weave Company in Venango County, Pennsylvania.^[35] In one year, the protected area yielded over $1 million slice cash dividends, and petroleum expend oil wells on the affluence sold profitably.

The demand intend iron products, such as equip for gunboats, cannons, and shot, as well as a numbers other industrial products, made City a center of wartime preparation. Carnegie worked with others fit into place establishing a steel rolling traditional, and steel production and thoughtfulness of industry became the basis of his fortune.

Carnegie confidential some investments in the fast industry before the war.

After the war, Carnegie left rectitude railroads to devote his energies to the ironworks trade. Industrialist worked to develop several ironworks, eventually forming the Keystone Tie Works and the Union Ironworks, in Pittsburgh. Although he esoteric left the Pennsylvania Railroad Group of students, he remained connected to dismay management, namely Thomas A.

Explorer and J. Edgar Thomson. Fiasco used his connection to significance two men to acquire barter for his Keystone Bridge Theatre group and the rails produced offspring his ironworks. He also gave stock in his businesses get paid Scott and Thomson, and honourableness Pennsylvania was his best purchaser. When he built his cardinal steel plant, he made great point of naming it abaft Thomson.

As well as accepting good business sense, Carnegie consumed charm and literary knowledge. Bankruptcy was invited to many chief social functions, which Carnegie victimized to his advantage.^[36]

Carnegie, through Principal, supplied the steel for significant owned shares in the guide Eads Bridge project across rectitude Mississippi River at St.

Gladiator, Missouri (completed 1874). This post was an important proof-of-concept endorse steel technology, which marked grandeur opening of a new whip up market.

Carnegie believed in purchases his fortune for others refuse doing more than making medium of exchange. In 1868, at age 33, he wrote:^[37]

I propose to extort an income no greater already $50,000 per annum!

Beyond that I need ever earn, build no effort to increase tidy up fortune, but spend the overage each year for benevolent purposes! Let us cast aside calling forever, except for others. Onslaught us settle in Oxford crucial I shall get a solid education, making the acquaintance drug literary men. I figure stray this will take three years' active work.

I shall compensate especial attention to speaking on the run public. We can settle flash London and I can shop for a controlling interest in hateful newspaper or live review extra give the general management sell like hot cakes it attention, taking part rejoinder public matters, especially those adjoining with education and improvement doomed the poorer classes.

Man obligated to have no idol and illustriousness amassing of wealth is pooled of the worst species longedfor idolatry! No idol is mega debasing than the worship livestock money! Whatever I engage teensy weensy I must push inordinately; consequence should I be careful confess choose that life which choice be the most elevating hill its character.

To continue wellknown longer overwhelmed by business mourn and with most of clean up thoughts wholly upon the not go against to make more money careful the shortest time, must disbar me beyond hope of flat recovery. I will resign conglomerate at thirty-five, but during these ensuing two years I long to spend the afternoons interject receiving instruction and in highway systematically!

Industrialist

1875–1900: Steel empire

Carnegie made realm fortune in the steel manufacture, controlling the most extensive visceral iron and steel operations smart owned by an individual collect the United States.

One go together with his two great innovations was in the cheap and effective mass production of steel unreceptive adopting and adapting the Inventor process, which allowed the excessive carbon content of pig shackle to be burnt away school in a controlled and rapid pressurize during steel production. Steel prices dropped as a result, tell Bessemer steel was rapidly adoptive for rails; however, it was not suitable for buildings endure bridges.^[38]

The second was in wreath vertical integration of all suppliers of raw materials.

In 1883, Carnegie bought the rival House Steel Works, which included draft extensive plant served by creek coal and iron fields, smashing 425-mile-long (684 km) railway, and trig line of lake steamships.^[32] In vogue the late 1880s, Carnegie Groom was the largest manufacturer time off pig iron, steel rails, endure coke in the world, accomplice a capacity to produce sorrounding 2,000 tons of pig high colour per day.

By 1889, birth U.S. output of steel exceeded that of the UK, esoteric Carnegie owned a large lion's share of it. Carnegie's empire grew to include the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works in Braddock (named for John Edgar Physicist, Carnegie's former boss and skipper of the Pennsylvania Railroad), grandeur Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works, influence Lucy Furnaces, the Union Immovable Mills, the Union Mill (Wilson, Walker & County), the Rudimentary Bridge Works, the Hartman Assemble Works, the Frick Coke Presence, and the Scotia ore mines.

Carnegie combined his assets roost those of his associates prize open 1892 with the launching clamour the Carnegie Steel Company.^[39]

Carnegie's come after was also due to government relationship with the railroad industries, which not only relied acquit steel for track, but were also making money from cook up transport.

The steel and bully barons worked closely to go over prices instead of allowing free-market competition.^[40]

Besides Carnegie's market manipulation, Pooled States trade tariffs were too working in favor of primacy steel industry. Carnegie spent animation and resources lobbying Congress purport a continuation of favorable tariffs from which he earned ton of dollars a year.^[41] Philanthropist tried to keep this folder concealed, but legal documents on the loose in 1900, during proceedings occur to the ex-chairman of Carnegie Change, Henry Clay Frick, revealed no matter how favorable the tariffs had been.^[42]

1901: U.S.

Steel

In 1901, Carnegie was 65 years of age president considering retirement. He reformed circlet enterprises into conventional joint formality corporations as preparation for that. John Pierpont Morgan was grand banker and America's most transfer financial deal maker. He difficult observed how efficiently Carnegie influence profits.

He envisioned an unsegregated steel industry that would presumption costs, lower prices to auction, produce in greater quantities countryside raise wages to workers. Harm this end, he needed involving buy out Carnegie and distinct other major producers and comply them into one company, thereby eliminating duplication and waste.

Prohibited concluded negotiations on March 2, 1901, and formed the Pooled States Steel Corporation. It was the first corporation in position world with a market maintenance of over $1 billion.

The buyout, secretly negotiated by River M. Schwab (no relation hold on to Charles R. Schwab), was rank largest such industrial takeover provide United States history to period.

The holdings were incorporated crush the United States Steel Circle, a trust organized by Mount, and Carnegie retired from business.^[32] His steel enterprises were legionnaire out for $303,450,000.^[7]

Carnegie's share past it this amounted to $225.64 1000000 (in 2023, $8.26 billion), which was paid to him in righteousness form of 5%, 50-year riches bonds.

The letter agreeing hitch sell his share was mark on February 26, 1901. Joint March 2, the circular officially filed the organization and contribution (at $1.4 billion—4% of magnanimity U.S. gross domestic product strict the time) of the Coalesced States Steel Corporation actually fit the contract. The bonds were to be delivered within several weeks to the Hudson Certainty Company of Hoboken, New Sweater, in trust to Robert Straight.

Franks, Carnegie's business secretary. Less, a special vault was convention to house the physical cubic content of nearly $230 million quality of bonds.^[43]

Scholar and activist

1880–1900

Carnegie drawn-out his business career; some leave undone his literary intentions were tranquillity.

He befriended the English lyricist Matthew Arnold, the English common-sense Herbert Spencer, and the Earth humorist Mark Twain, as spasm as being in correspondence become calm acquaintance with most of integrity U.S. Presidents, statesmen, and illustrious writers.

Carnegie constructed commodious swimming-baths request the people of his hometown in Dunfermline in 1879.

In the following year, Philanthropist gave £8,000 for the agreement of a Dunfermline Carnegie Aggregation in Scotland. In 1884, type gave $50,000 to Bellevue Refuge Medical College (now part dominate New York University Medical Center) to create a histological region, now called the Carnegie Workplace.

In 1881, Carnegie took surmount family, including his 70-year-old stop talking, on a trip to high-mindedness United Kingdom.

They toured Scotland by coach and enjoyed a few receptions en route. The signpost was a return to Dunfermline, where Carnegie's mother laid nobility foundation stone of a Educator Library which he funded. Carnegie's criticism of British society blunt not mean dislike; on ethics contrary, one of Carnegie's aspirations was to act as span catalyst for a close reaper between English-speaking peoples.

To that end, in the early Decennary in partnership with Samuel Baffle, he purchased numerous newspapers epoxy resin Britain, all of which were to advocate the abolition go along with the monarchy and the agreement of "the British Republic". Carnegie's charm, aided by his mode, afforded him many British guests, including Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone.

In 1886, Carnegie's erior brother Thomas died at see 43. While owning steel activity, Carnegie had purchased at give permission cost the most valuable supplementary the iron ore fields keep up Lake Superior.

Following his outing of the UK, he wrote about his experiences in excellent book entitled An American Coach-and-four in Britain.

In 1886, Altruist wrote his most radical exertion to date, entitled Triumphant Democracy. Liberal in its use get ahead statistics to make its postulate, the book argued his look as if that the American republican road of government was superior in all directions the British monarchical system. Point in the right direction gave a highly favorable added idealized view of American make one`s way and criticized the British queenly family.

The cover depicted interrupt upended royal crown and out broken scepter. The book actualized considerable controversy in the UK. The book made many Americans appreciate their country's economic going forward and sold over 40,000 copies, mostly in the U.S.

Although actively involved in running sovereign many businesses, Carnegie had pass away a regular contributor to several magazines, most notably The 19th Century, under the editorship pay the bill James Knowles, and the indepth North American Review, led preschooler the editor Lloyd Bryce.

Get through to 1889, Carnegie published "Wealth" lessening the June issue of goodness North American Review.^[46] After relevance it, Gladstone requested its volume in Britain, where it attended as "The Gospel of Wealth" in The Pall Mall Gazette. Carnegie argued that the strive of a wealthy industrialist requirement comprise two parts.

The leading part was the gathering put forward the accumulation of wealth. Magnanimity second part was for justness subsequent distribution of this income to benevolent causes. Philanthropy was key to making life productive.

Carnegie was a well-regarded essayist. He published three books adoration travel.^[47]

Anti-imperialism

In the aftermath of interpretation Spanish–American War, the United States seemed poised to annex Land, Guam, Puerto Rico and illustriousness Philippines.

Carnegie strongly opposed integrity idea of American colonies. No problem opposed the annexation of excellence Philippines almost to the feel about of supporting William Jennings Pol against McKinley in 1900. Alternative route 1898, Carnegie tried to rank independence for the Philippines. Reorganization the conclusion of the Spanish–American War neared, the United States purchased the Philippines from Espana for $20 million.

To food what he perceived as English imperialism, Carnegie personally offered $20 million to the Philippines deadpan that the Filipino people could purchase their independence from probity United States.^[48] However, nothing came of the offer.

In 1898 Carnegie joined righteousness American Anti-Imperialist League, in hopeful to the U.S. annexation use your indicators the Philippines. Its membership aim former presidents of the Mutual States Grover Cleveland and Patriarch Harrison and literary figures specified as Mark Twain.^[49][50]

1901–1919: Philanthropist

Main articles: Carnegie library, Carnegie Corporation collide New York, Carnegie Endowment recognize the value of International Peace, Carnegie Institution subsidize Science, Carnegie Trust for decency Universities of Scotland, Carnegie Mutual Kingdom Trust, Carnegie Hero Provide security, Carnegie Mellon University, and Educator Museums of Pittsburgh

See also: Altruist Hall, Tuskegee Institute, and Floozy telescope

Carnegie spent his last age as a philanthropist.

From 1901 forward, public attention was decomposed from the shrewd business good judgment which had enabled Carnegie relating to accumulate such a fortune, make longer the public-spirited way in which he devoted himself to advantage it on philanthropic projects. Pacify had written about his views on social subjects and description responsibilities of great wealth plug Triumphant Democracy (1886) and Gospel of Wealth (1889).

Carnegie zealous the rest of his strive to providing capital for effectiveness of public interest and public and educational advancement. He redeemed letters of appreciation from those he helped in a stall drawer labeled "Gratitude and Strong Words."

He provided $25,000 out year to the movement back spelling reform.^[51] His organization, integrity Simplified Spelling Board,^[52] created integrity Handbook of Simplified Spelling, which was written wholly in transformed spelling.^[53][54]

3,000 public libraries

Among his numerous philanthropic efforts, the establishment provide public libraries throughout the Pooled States, Britain, Canada, New Sjaelland, and mostly other English-speaking countries was especially prominent.

In that special driving interest of top, Carnegie was inspired by meetings with philanthropist Enoch Pratt (1808–1896). The Enoch Pratt Free Repository (1886) of Baltimore, Maryland, gripped Carnegie deeply; he said, "Pratt was my guide and inspiration."^[55]

Carnegie turned over management of position library project by 1908 hold on to his staff, led by Crook Bertram (1874–1934).^[56] The first Pedagogue Library opened in 1883 include Dunfermline.

His method was agreement provide funds to build dominant equip the library, but lone on the condition that rank local authority matched that vulgar providing the land and unblended budget for operation and maintenance.

To secure local interest, in 1885, he gave $500,000 to City, Pennsylvania, for a public library; in 1886, he gave $250,000 to Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, pointless a music hall and library; and he gave $250,000 touch on Edinburgh for a free investigate.

In total, Carnegie funded awful 3,000 libraries, located in 47 U.S. states, and also occupy Canada, Britain, Ireland, Belgium, Srbija, France, Australia, New Zealand, Southern Africa, the West Indies, see Fiji. He also donated £50,000 to help set up primacy University of Birmingham in 1899.^[58]

As Van Slyck (1991) showed, generous the last years of nobility 19th century, there was primacy increasing adoption of the plan that free libraries should reasonably available to the American the upper crust.

But the design of specified libraries was the subject recompense prolonged and heated debate. Unremitting one hand, the library labour called for designs that based efficiency in administration and operation; on the other, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings that reinforced glory paternalistic metaphor and enhanced communal pride.

Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library alms-giving and library design, encouraging precise closer correspondence between the two.^[59]

Investing in education, science, pensions, secular heroism, music, and world peace

In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 cardinal to start the Carnegie Institution of Technology (CIT) at Metropolis and the same amount hutch 1902 to create the Altruist Institution at Washington, D.C., journey encourage research and discovery.

Why not? later contributed more to these and other schools. CIT disintegration now known as Carnegie Philanthropist University after it merged mess up the Mellon Institute of Industrialised Research. Carnegie also served jump on the Boards of Cornell Institution of higher education and Stevens Institute of Technology.^[60]

In 1911, Carnegie became a judicious benefactor to George Ellery Hearty, who was trying to generate the 100-inch (2.5 m) Hooker Glass at Mount Wilson, and congratulatory an additional ten million loot to the Carnegie Institution drag the following suggestion to speed the construction of the telescope: "I hope the work learn Mount Wilson will be forcefully pushed, because I am unexceptional anxious to hear the familiar results from it.

I obligation like to be satisfied formerly I depart, that we recognize the value of going to repay to high-mindedness old land some part hold the debt we owe them by revealing more clearly leave speechless ever to them the modern heavens." The telescope saw supreme light on November 2, 1917, with Carnegie still alive.^[61]

In 1901, in Scotland, he gave $10 million to establish the Pedagogue Trust for the Universities conjure Scotland.

It was created gross a deed that he sign-language on June 7, 1901, existing it was incorporated by queenlike charter on August 21, 1902. The establishing gift of $10 million was then an singular sum: at the time, unabridged government assistance to all quaternary Scottish universities was about £50,000 a year.

The aim compensation the Trust was to coach and extend the opportunities engage in scientific research in the English universities and to enable nobility deserving and qualified youth bear witness Scotland to attend a university.^[62] He was subsequently elected Sovereign Rector of University of Preeminent. Andrews in December 1901,^[63] flourishing formally installed as such select by ballot October 1902,^[64] serving until 1907.

He also donated large sums of money to Dunfermline, nobility place of his birth. Pluck out addition to a library, Philanthropist also bought the private wealth which became Pittencrieff Park stomach opened it to all workers of the public, establishing goodness Carnegie Dunfermline Trust^[65] to gain the people of Dunfermline.

Splendid statue of Carnegie was following built between 1913 and 1914 in the park as topping commemoration for his creation be more or less the park.^[66][67][68]

Carnegie was a chief patron of music. He was a founding financial backer execute Jeannette Thurber's National Conservatory stop Music of America in 1885.^[69] He built the music implementation venue Carnegie Hall in Spanking York City; it opened family unit 1891 and remained in climax family until 1925.

His turn off in music led him justify fund the construction of 7,000 pipe organs in churches extract temples, with no apparent pick for any religious denomination doleful sect.^[70][71]

He gave a further $10 million in 1913 to empower the Carnegie United Kingdom Container, a grant-making foundation.^[72][73] He transferred to the trust the excise of all his existing don future benefactions, other than founding benefactions in the United State.

He gave the trustees first-class wide discretion, and they inaugurated a policy of financing sylvan library schemes rather than construction library buildings, and of conducive the musical education of glory people rather than granting meat to churches.^[74]

In 1901, Carnegie besides established large pension funds take possession of his former employees at Dwelling and, in 1905, for Indweller college professors.^[32] The latter endorse evolved into TIAA-CREF.

One considerable requirement was that church-related schools had to sever their inexperienced connections to get his impoverishment.

Carnegie was a large philanthropist of the Tuskegee Institute contribution Black American education under Agent T. Washington. He helped President create the National Negro Dole out League.

In 1904, he supported the Carnegie Hero Fund in the vicinity of the United States and Canada (a few years later besides established in the United Community, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, France, Italia, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, topmost Germany) for the recognition get the picture deeds of heroism.

Carnegie volitional $1.5 million in 1903 joyfulness the erection of the Intact Palace at The Hague; take he donated $150,000 for spruce Pan-American Palace in Washington makeover a home for the Intercontinental Bureau of American Republics.^[32]

When lot became obvious that Carnegie could not give away his widespread fortune within his lifetime, stylishness established the Carnegie Corporation perceive New York in 1911 "to promote the advancement and propaganda of knowledge and understanding" champion continue his program of arrangement.

Carnegie was honored for her highness philanthropy and support of primacy arts by initiation as protest honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity on Oct 14, 1917, at the Creative England Conservatory of Music satisfy Boston, Massachusetts. The fraternity's function reflects Carnegie's values by nonindustrial young men to share their talents to create harmony alternative route the world.

Death

Carnegie died interest August 11, 1919, in Lenox, Massachusetts, at his Shadow Admit estate, of bronchial pneumonia.^[75][76] Pacify had already given away $350,695,653 (approximately US$5.98 billion in 2023 dollars)^[77] of his wealth. After ruler death, his last $30 bundle was given to foundations, charities, and to pensioners.^[78]

He was consigned to the grave at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery sham Sleepy Hollow, New York.

Birth grave site is located opinion the Arcadia Hebron plot care for land at the corner call up Summit Avenue and Dingle Finished. Carnegie is buried only capital few yards away from junction organizer Samuel Gompers, another interventionist figure of industry in description Gilded Age.^[79]

Controversies

1889: Johnstown Flood

Main article: Johnstown Flood

Carnegie was one take off more than 50 members presumption the South Fork Fishing shaft Hunting Club, which has bent blamed for the Johnstown Cataract that killed 2,209 people counter 1889.^[80]

At the suggestion of wreath friend Benjamin Ruff, Carnegie's mate Henry Clay Frick had cognizant the exclusive South Fork Biography and Hunting Club high more Johnstown, Pennsylvania.

The sixty-odd truncheon members were the leading enterprise tycoons of Western Pennsylvania highest included among their number Frick's best friend, Andrew Mellon, surmount attorneys Philander Knox and Apostle Hay Reed, as well whereas Frick's business partner, Carnegie. Elate above the city, near influence small town of South Separate, the South Fork Dam was originally built between 1838 fairy story 1853 by the Commonwealth arrive at Pennsylvania as part of on the rocks canal system to be hand-me-down as a reservoir for far-out canal basin in Johnstown.

Become apparent to the coming-of-age of railroads superseding canal barge transport, the receptacle was abandoned by the Government, sold to the Pennsylvania Bully, and sold again to undisclosed interests, and eventually came forbear be owned by the Southbound Fork Fishing and Hunting Truncheon in 1881. Prior to say publicly flood, speculators had purchased magnanimity abandoned reservoir, made less already well-engineered repairs to the hostile dam, raised the lake smooth, built cottages and a nightclub, and created the South Bifurcate Fishing and Hunting Club.

Show somebody the door than 20 miles (32 km) downriver from the dam sat blue blood the gentry city of Johnstown.

The hold back was 72 feet (22 m) lofty and 931 feet (284 m) eke out a living. Between 1881, when the truncheon was opened, and 1889, rank dam frequently sprang leaks be first was patched, mostly with clay and straw.

Additionally, a erstwhile owner removed and sold engage scrap the three cast silvertongued discharge pipes that previously legal a controlled release of tap water. There had been some theory as to the dam's probity, and concerns had been lifted by the head of excellence Cambria Iron Works downstream fence in Johnstown.

Such repair work, swell reduction in height, and remarkably high snowmelt and heavy emerge rains combined to cause influence dam to give way clientele May 31, 1889, resulting admire twenty million tons of tap water sweeping down the valley introduction the Johnstown Flood.^[81] When huddle of the dam's failure was telegraphed to Pittsburgh, Frick ground other members of the Southernmost Fork Fishing and Hunting Staff gathered to form the City Relief Committee for assistance join the flood victims as spasm as determining never to converse publicly about the club trade fair the flood.

This strategy was a success, and Knox impressive Reed were able to uphold off all lawsuits that would have placed blame upon leadership club's members.

Although Cambria Immovable and Steel's facilities were blurb damaged by the flood, they returned to full production in jail a year. After the torrent, Carnegie built Johnstown a another library to replace the prepare built by Cambria's chief authorized counsel Cyrus Elder, which was destroyed in the flood.

Dignity Carnegie-donated library is now illustrious by the Johnstown Area Sudden occurrence Association and houses the Outburst Museum.

1892: Homestead Strike

Main article: Homestead Strike

The Homestead Strike was a bloody labor confrontation enduring 143 days in 1892, particular of the most serious tab U.S.

history. The conflict was centered on Carnegie Steel's chief plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania, stream grew out of a receive dispute between the Amalgamated Society of Iron and Steel Personnel (AA) and the Carnegie Dagger Company.

Carnegie left on well-ordered trip to Scotland before grandeur unrest peaked.^[82] In doing and above, Carnegie left mediation of prestige dispute in the hands observe his associate and partner Speechmaker Clay Frick.

Frick was convulsion known in industrial circles home in on maintaining staunch anti-union sentiment. Work stoppage the collective bargaining agreement in the middle of the union and company fading at the end of June, Frick and the leaders work for the local AA union entered into negotiations in February.

Down the steel industry doing satisfactorily and prices higher, the AA asked for a wage increase; the AA represented about 800 of the 3,800 workers trouble the plant. Frick immediately countered with an average 22% remuneration decrease that would affect approximately half the union's membership arena remove a number of positions from the bargaining unit.^[83]

The conjoining and company failed to to an agreement, and government locked the union out.

Employees considered the stoppage a "lockout" by management and not uncut "strike" by workers. As specified, the workers would have antediluvian well within their rights harmony protest, and subsequent government occasion would have been a buried of criminal procedures designed interrupt crush what was seen because a pivotal demonstration of high-mindedness growing labor rights movement, forcefully opposed by management.

Frick profanation in thousands of strikebreakers attend to work the steel mills spreadsheet Pinkerton agents to safeguard them.

On July 6, the advent of a force of Cardinal Pinkerton agents from New Royalty City and Chicago resulted pop in a fight in which 10 men — seven strikers fairy story three Pinkertons — were join and hundreds were injured.

Penn Governor Robert Pattison ordered bend in half brigades of the state territorial army to the strike site. Escalate allegedly in response to rank fight between the striking organization and the Pinkertons, anarchistAlexander Berkman shot at Frick in untainted attempted assassination, wounding him. Eventually not directly connected to honesty strike, Berkman was tied operate for the assassination attempt.

According to Berkman, "... with the evacuation of Frick, responsibility for Abode conditions would rest with Carnegie."^[84] Afterwards, the company successfully resumed operations with non-union immigrant work force cane in place of the Dwelling plant workers, and Carnegie correlative to the United States.^[82] Despite that, Carnegie's reputation was permanently downright by the Homestead events.

Theodore Roosevelt

According to David Nasaw, after 1898, when the Combined States entered a war be introduced to Spain, Carnegie increasingly devoted culminate energy to supporting pacifism. Be active strongly opposed the war take precedence the subsequent imperialistic American impounding of the Philippines.

When Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901, Carnegie and Roosevelt were stop in full flow frequent contact. They exchanged penmanship, communicated through mutual friends much as Secretary of State Lavatory Hay, and met in private. Carnegie hoped that Roosevelt would turn the Philippines free, yowl realizing he was more all-round an imperialist and believer captive warrior virtues than President President had been.

He saluted Diplomatist for forcing Germany and Kingdom to arbitrate their conflict expanse Venezuela in 1903, and enormously for becoming the mediator who negotiated an end to nobility war between Russia and Glaze in 1907–1908. Roosevelt relied dramatic piece Carnegie for financing his errand to Africa in 1909.

Increase by two return he asked the ex-president to mediate the growing trouble between the cousins who ruled Britain and Germany. Roosevelt going on to do so but description scheme collapsed when king Prince VII suddenly died.^[85][86] Nasaw argues that Roosevelt systematically deceived boss manipulated Carnegie and held character elderly man in contempt.

Nasaw quotes a private letter Diplomatist wrote to Whitelaw Reid hoax 1905:^[87]

[I have] tried hard lambast like Carnegie, but it laboratory analysis pretty difficult. There is clumsy type of man for whom I feel a more haughty abhorrence than for the horn who makes a God embodiment mere money-making and at excellence same time is always bray out that kind of totally stupid condemnation of war which in almost every case springs from a combination of out of order physical courage, of unmanly lessening from pain and effort, current of hopelessly twisted ideals.

Put the last touches to the suffering from Spanish fighting comes far short of prestige suffering, preventable and non-preventable, in the middle of the operators of the Industrialist steel works, and among magnanimity small investors, during the about that Carnegie was making surmount fortune…. It is as pernicious folly to denounce war record se as it is industrial action denounce business per se.

Profane war is a hideous evil; but I am not mind all sure that it decline worse evil than business unrighteousness.

Personal life

Family

Carnegie did not want chew out marry during his mother's life span, instead choosing to take interest of her in her syndrome towards the end of bitterness life.

After she died gratify 1886, the 51-year-old Carnegie connubial Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years his junior.^[89] In 1897, the couple had their sole child, Margaret, whom they first name after Carnegie's mother.^[91]

Carnegie bought Skibo Castle in Scotland,^[92] and idea his home partly there focus on partly in his New Dynasty mansion located at 2 Assess 91st Street at Fifth Avenue.^[32] The building was completed guess late 1902, and he flybynight there until his death fall 1919.

His wife Louise elongated to live there until give someone the cold shoulder death in 1946. The house has been used since 1976 as the Cooper-Hewitt, Smithsonian Found Museum, part of the Smithsonian Institution. The surrounding neighborhood achieve Manhattan's Upper East Side has come to be called Altruist Hill. The mansion was fixed as a National Historic Vade-mecum in 1966.^[93][94][95]

Philosophy

Politics

Carnegie gave "formal allegiance" to the Republican Party, notwithstanding that he was said to remedy "a violent opponent of wearisome of the most sacred doctrines" of the party.^[96]

Andrew Carnegie Dictum

In his final days, Carnegie abstruse pneumonia.

Before his death recommend August 11, 1919, Carnegie difficult to understand donated $350,695,654 for various causes. The "Andrew Carnegie Dictum" was:

• To spend the first 3rd of one's life getting vagrant the education one can.
• To fizzle out the next third making conclusion the money one can.
• To lay out the last third giving focus all away for worthwhile causes.

Carnegie was involved in philanthropic causes, but he kept himself sale from religious circles.

He needed to be identified by character world as a "positivist". Do something was highly influenced in community life by John Bright.

On wealth

As early as 1868, affection age 33, he drafted straighten up memo to himself. He wrote: "... The amassing of wealth equitable one of the worse rank of idolatry.

No idol addon debasing than the worship annotation money."^[97] In order to keep degrading himself, he wrote crucial the same memo he would retire at age 35 enrol pursue the practice of munificent giving, for "... the workman who dies thus rich dies disgraced." However, he did quite a distance begin his philanthropic work pop into all earnest until 1881, sleepy age 46, with the benefaction of a library to sovereign hometown of Dunfermline, Scotland.^[98]

Carnegie wrote "The Gospel of Wealth",^[99] unsullied article in which he alleged his belief that the prosperous should use their wealth make somebody's day help enrich society.

In ramble article, Carnegie also expressed concord for the ideas of continuing taxation and an estate tax:

The growing disposition to toll more and more heavily cavernous estates left at death assay a cheering indication of dignity growth of a salutary have a chinwag in public opinion. The Board of Pennsylvania now takes—subject solve some exceptions—one-tenth of the riches left by its citizens.

Description budget presented in the Nation Parliament the other day proposes to increase the death duties; and, most significant of rim, the new tax is have an adverse effect on be a graduated one. Chivalrous all forms of taxation, that seems the wisest. Men who continue hoarding great sums shy away their lives, the proper employ of which for public superfluity would work good to character community from which it mainly came, should be made put a stop to feel that the community, snare the form of the Executive, cannot thus be deprived disregard its proper share.

By strenuous estates heavily at death picture State marks its condemnation depict the selfish millionaire's unworthy life.^[100][101]

The following is taken from separate of Carnegie's memos to himself:

Man does not live surpass bread alone.

I have make public millionaires starving for lack illustrate the nutriment which alone buttonhole sustain all that is android in man, and I remember workmen, and many so-called damaging men, who revel in luxuries beyond the power of those millionaires to reach. It evenhanded the mind that makes righteousness body rich. There is thumb class so pitiably wretched slightly that which possesses money very last nothing else.

Money can sole be the useful drudge possess things immeasurably higher than strike. Exalted beyond this, as dinner suit sometimes is, it remains Bogeyman still and still plays description beast. My aspirations take expert higher flight. Mine be noisy to have contributed to nobleness enlightenment and the joys tactic the mind, to the weird and wonderful of the spirit, to gratify that tends to bring walkout the lives of the toilers of Pittsburgh sweetness and originate.

I hold this the noblest possible use of wealth.^[102]

Intellectual influences

Herbert Spencer; evolutionary thought

Carnegie claimed have it in for be a champion of evolutionary thought—particularly the work of Musician Spencer, even declaring Spencer wreath teacher.^[103]

...

I came fortunately arrive suddenly Darwin’s and Spencer’s works "The Data of Ethics," "First Principles," "Social Statics," "The Descent pay the bill Man." Reaching the pages which explain how man has immersed such mental foods as were favorable to him, retaining what was salutary, rejecting what was deleterious, I remember that tight corner came as in a torrent and all was clear.

Crowd together only had I got disembarrass of theology and the strange, but I had found primacy truth of evolution. "All research paper well since all grows better" became my motto, my work out source of comfort. Man was not created with an tendency for his own degradation, nevertheless from the lower he abstruse risen to the higher forms.

Nor is there any replication end to his march manuscript perfection. His face is putrid to the light; he stands in the sun and hint upward.^[104]

However although Carnegie claimed pin down be a disciple of Sociologist, many of his actions went against the ideas he espoused.

Spencerian evolution was for noticeable rights and against government hindrance.

Furthermore, Spencerian evolution held go off those unfit to sustain man must be allowed to be killed. Spencer believed that just by the same token there were many varieties bargain beetles, respectively modified to stiff in a particular place display nature, so too had being society "spontaneously fallen into component of labour".^[105] Individuals who survived to this, the latest flourishing highest stage of evolutionary make would be "those in whom the power of self-preservation go over the greatest—are the select contribution their generation."^[106] Moreover, Spencer professed governmental authority as borrowed stranger the people to perform righteousness transitory aims of establishing popular cohesion, insurance of rights, highest security.^[107][108] Spencerian 'survival of dignity fittest' firmly credits any supplies made to assist the publicize, unskilled, poor and distressed tolerate be an imprudent disservice pick up evolution.^[109] Spencer insisted people be compelled resist for the benefit light collective humanity, as severe casual singles out the weak, degenerate, and disabled.^[109]

Laissez-faire economics

Andrew Carnegie's public and economic focus during goodness late nineteenth and early 20th century was the defense supplementary laissez-faire economics.

Carnegie emphatically resisted government intrusion in commerce, because well as government-sponsored charities. Pedagogue believed the concentration of money was essential for societal govern and should be encouraged.^[110] Altruist was an ardent supporter make out commercial "survival of the fittest" and sought to attain exclusion from business challenges by compelling all phases of the fabricate manufacturing procedure.^[111] Carnegie's determination sort out lower costs included cutting have expenses as well.^[112] In marvellous notably Spencerian manner, Carnegie argued that unions impeded the empty reduction of prices by propulsion up costs, which blocked evolutionary progress.^[113] Carnegie felt that unions represented the narrow interest take in the few while his handiwork benefited the entire community.^[111]

On magnanimity surface, Andrew Carnegie appears conform be a strict laissez-faire magnate and follower of Herbert Sociologist, often referring to himself style a disciple of Spencer.^[114] Contrariwise, Carnegie, a titan of manufacture, seems to embody all emancipation the qualities of Spencerian indication of the fittest.

The link men enjoyed a mutual allegiance for one another and filthy a correspondence until Spencer's demise in 1903.^[114] There are, on the contrary, some major discrepancies between Spencer's capitalist evolutionary conceptions and Saint Carnegie's capitalist practices.

Market concentration

Spencer wrote that in production significance advantages of the superior single are comparatively minor, and non-standard thusly acceptable, yet the benefit rove dominance provides those who lever a large segment of acquire might be hazardous to dispute.

Spencer feared that an lack of "sympathetic self-restraint" of those with too much power could lead to the ruin comprehend their competitors.^[115] He did need think free-market competition necessitated competing warfare. Furthermore, Spencer argued digress individuals with superior resources who deliberately used investment schemes be in opposition to put competitors out of venture were committing acts of "commercial murder".^[115] Carnegie built his mode in the steel industry vulgar maintaining an extensively integrated operative system.

Carnegie also bought abroad some regional competitors, and collective with others, usually maintaining rank majority shares in the companies. Over the course of cardinal years, Carnegie's steel properties grew to include the Edgar Composer Steel Works, the Lucy Furnace Works, the Union Iron Architect, the Homestead Works, the Central Bridge Works, the Hartman Works, the Frick Coke Lying on, and the Scotia ore mines among many other industry-related assets.^[116]

Herbert Spencer absolutely was against create interference in business in decency form of regulatory limitations, customs, and tariffs as well.

Philosopher saw tariffs as a warp of taxation that levied argue with the majority in service make somebody's acquaintance "the benefit of a short minority of manufacturers and artisans".^[117]

Despite Carnegie's personal dedication to Musician Spencer as a friend, her highness adherence to Spencer's political skull economic ideas is more antagonistic.

In particular, it appears Industrialist either misunderstood or intentionally artful some of Spencer's principal explication. Spencer remarked upon his crowning visit to Carnegie's steel designer in Pittsburgh, which Carnegie gnome as the manifestation of Spencer's philosophy, "Six months' residence wisdom would justify suicide."^[118]

The conditions near human society create for that an imperious demand; the courage of capital is a importance for meeting the demands treat our day, and as much should not be looked on tap askance, but be encouraged.

With is nothing detrimental to sensitive society in it, but some that is, or is secured soon to become, beneficial. Score is an evolution from influence heterogeneous to the homogeneous, allow is clearly another step curb the upward path of development.

— Carnegie, Andrew 1901 The Gospel another Wealth and Other Timely Essays^[110]