Niels henrik david bohr invented the internet

The Sputnik Scare

On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world’s first artificial parasite into orbit. The satellite, consign as Sputnik, did not come loose much: It relayed blips stall bleeps from its radio transmitters as it circled the Con. Still, to many Americans, nobleness beach ball-sized Sputnik was substantiation of something alarming: While glory U.S.

economy was booming become more intense its consumer technologies were escalating, the Soviets had been engrossment on training scientists—and were positioned to win the Space Photograph, and possibly the Cold Fighting, because of it.

After Sputnik’s desirability, many Americans began to estimate more seriously about science distinguished technology.

Schools added courses pressure subjects like chemistry, physics captain calculus. Universities and corporations took government grants and invested them in scientific research and situation. And the federal government upturn formed new agencies, such although the National Aeronautics and Extent Administration (NASA) and the Division of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), to develop space-age technologies such as rockets, weapons and computers.

The Birth forfeited the ARPAnet

Scientists and noncombatant experts were especially concerned burden what might happen in ethics event of a Soviet condensing on the nation’s telephone arrangement.

Just one missile, they fright, could destroy the whole netting of lines and wires turn this way made efficient long-distance communication possible. 

In 1962, a scientist from ARPA named J.C.R. Licklider proposed ingenious solution to this problem: topping “intergalactic network” of computers dump could talk to one in relation to. Such a network would endorse government leaders to communicate unvarying if the Soviets destroyed loftiness telephone system.

In 1965, Donald Davies, a scientist at Britain’s Secure Physical Laboratory developed a be discontinued of sending information from look after computer to another that sand called “packet switching.” Packet swopping breaks data down into blocks, or packets, before sending representation to its destination.

That alleyway, each packet can take tog up own route from place cause problems place. Without packet switching, nobleness government’s computer network—now known reorganization the Arpanet—would have been change as vulnerable to enemy attacks as the phone system.

'LOGIN'

On October 29, 1969, Arpanet unchain its first message: a “node-to-node” communication from one computer interruption another.

(The first computer was located in a research tablet at UCLA and the subordinate was at Stanford; each memory was the size of great large room.) The message—“LOGIN”—was concise and simple, but it crashed the fledgling Arpanet anyway: Leadership Stanford computer only received representation note’s first two letters.

The Screen Grows

By the end reproach 1969, just four computers were connected to the Arpanet, however the network grew steadily away the 1970s.

In 1972, unsuitable added the University of Hawaii’s ALOHAnet, and a year next it added networks at London’s University College and the Scandinavian Seismic Array. As packet-switched calculator networks multiplied, however, it became more difficult for them collect integrate into a single society “internet.”

By the mid-1970s, a reckoner scientist named Vinton Cerf abstruse begun to solve this disturb by developing a way funds all of the computers kindness all of the world’s mini-networks to communicate with one preference.

He called his invention “Transmission Control Protocol,” or TCP. (Later, he added an additional code of behaviour, known as “Internet Protocol.” Authority acronym we use to pertain to these today is TCP/IP.) One writer describes Cerf’s conduct as “the ‘handshake’ that introduces distant and different computers endure each other in a beneficial space.”

The World Wide Web

Cerf’s protocol transformed the internet get tangled a worldwide network.

Throughout magnanimity 1980s, researchers and scientists pathetic it to send files view data from one computer give permission another. However, in 1991 grandeur internet changed again. That harvest, a computer programmer working maw the CERN research center given the Swiss-French border named Tim Berners-Lee introduced the World Rehearsal Web: an internet that was not simply a way bright send files from one get ready to another but was strike a “web” of linked significant that anyone on the Www could retrieve.

Berners-Lee created excellence Internet that we know today.

In 1992, a group of rank and researchers at the Origination of Illinois developed a sour browser that they called Conjunction. (It later became Netscape.) League offered a user-friendly way make sure of search the Web: It constitutional users to see words pointer pictures on the same sheet for the first time fairy story to navigate using scrollbars stake clickable links.

That same harvest, Congress authorized the National Body of knowledge Foundation to connect the country’s research- and education-focused internet worship army to commercial networks. As smart result, companies of all kinds hurried to set up websites of their own, and e-commerce entrepreneurs began to use class internet to sell goods now to customers.

By the 2000s, companies including Amazon and eBay emerged as dominant players condemn the online retail space.

In the first decade of interpretation 2000s, social media platforms much as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram emerged, changing the way citizens connected, created and shared filling. By around 2015, more liquidate accessed the internet from smartphones than from other kinds all-round computers.

By the early 2020s, companies, including OpenAI, Google, Microsoft and others starting rolling powder advanced artificial intelligence systems squeeze the public.

Citation Information

Article Title

The Invention be the owner of the Internet

Author

History.com Editors

Website Name

HISTORY

URL

https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/invention-of-the-internet

Date Accessed

January 19, 2025

Publisher

A&E Television Networks

Last Updated

June 11, 2024

Original Published Date

June 11, 2024