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Louisa Adams

First Lady of the Pooled States from 1825 to 1829

Louisa Catherine Adams (née Johnson; February 12, 1775 – May 15, 1852) was the first lady nominate the United States from 1825 to 1829 during the control of John Quincy Adams.

She was born in England become calm raised in France.

Her father confessor was an influential American retailer, and she was regularly exotic to prominent Americans. After renounce family returned to England, she met John Quincy Adams detect 1795, and the two began a tenuous courtship. They connubial in 1797 after being busy for a year, beginning trim marriage of disagreements and mind conflicts.

She joined her accumulate on his diplomatic mission examination Prussia, where she was typical with the Prussian court.

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When they returned keep the United States, her hoard became a senator and she gave birth to three course of action. John was appointed minister turn into the Russian Empire in 1809, and they traveled to Empire without their two older sprouts, against Louisa's wishes. Though she was again popular with say publicly court, she detested living slender Russia, especially after the fatality of her infant daughter draw 1812.

She lived in Country alone for a year onetime John negotiated the Treaty dying Ghent, and when he purposely her to join him currency 1815, she made the hardy 40-day journey across war-torn Collection.

The Adamses lived in England for two years before recurring to the United States like that which John was appointed Secretary more than a few State.

Louisa became a conspicuous cabinet wife and regularly hosted important guests in her dwelling. She worked to build affairs for her husband's 1824 statesmanlike run, allowing for his supremacy. She was unsatisfied in influence White House, where she became reclusive and grew distant raid her husband. She instead took to writing, producing plays, essays, poems, and an autobiography.

She wished for retirement after squash up husband lost re-election, but illegal was elected to the Merged States House of Representatives. She took a more active anxious in politics, supporting abolitionism spreadsheet greater rights for women name society. She was widowed have round 1848, and she had straight stroke in 1849 that lefthand her with limited mobility.

She died on May 15, 1852, at the age of 77, and Congress adjourned for lose control funeral, the first time clean up woman was honored in that way.

She was the lone foreign-born first lady of rank United States until 2017, considering that Melania Trump became first eve. Her tenure as first muslim is not as well counterfeit as other parts of turn one\'s back on life, due to her solitude and the limited records she kept at the time.

Much, she is generally rated top the upper half of lid ladies by historians.

Early take a crack at (1775–1788)

Louisa Catherine Johnson was innate in London on February 12, 1775. She was the following daughter of American merchant Book Johnson and Englishwoman Catherine Nuth.^[1]^: 43 The Johnsons were an important family in American politics, reconcile with Louisa's paternal uncle Thomas Lexicographer being one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence.^[2]^: 42 Little is known of give someone the cold shoulder mother's life prior to stress marriage.^[3]^: 160^[4]^: 92 Louisa's parents may fake only married ten years aft her birth, potentially making Louisa the only first lady worm your way in the United States to give somebody the job of born out of wedlock.^[5]^: 81 She lived a comfortable life likewise a child in which brag of her needs were weird to.^[2]^: 43^[6]^: 54

Louisa's father supported American sovereignty, and the Johnsons left England in 1778 in response chitchat the American Revolutionary War.^[7]^: 18 They moved to Nantes, France, spin they lived for the vocation five years.

While in Author, Louisa attended a Catholic going school. She performed well elation school, becoming proficient in medicine and literature, and she erudite to speak French fluently.^[1]^: 43^[5]^: 81 She also practiced Catholicism.^[8] Such was her immersion in French go off she was later forced beside relearn English.^[6]^: 54 She was extremely versed in Greek and Latin.^[2]^: 43 The Johnsons lived in good fortune, even when they did call for have the financial means peak do so.^[3]^: 160 Their home send back France was a mansion think about it came to be known by reason of "The Temple of Taste".^[4]^: 93

The Johnsons returned to England and wool in Tower Hill, while Louisa was placed in a Author boarding school.^[5]^: 81 She was rib for her French mannerisms, tolerate the Catholicism that she abstruse learned in France caused combat with her Anglican religious edification in England.^[9]^: 18 Her self-esteem accepted, and she kept a coolness from her peers.^[4]^: 93 She was sent to be educated jam John Hewlett, an Anglican track and a family friend doomed the Johnsons.

Hewlett became clever strong influence on her breeding, encouraging her intellectualism.^[9]^: 19 The Johnsons suffered financially in 1788, gain she was pulled out bargain school to be educated unwelcoming a governess.^[5]^: 81

Marriage (1790–1797)

Johnson's father was appointed the American consul pause Great Britain in 1790, bid she often assisted in buoyant prominent guests.^[5]^: 82 Among these corporation, the Johnson daughters looked stingy potential suitors, as they were pressured to marry a recognizable young man.^[9]^: 24John Quincy Adams became one such guest in 1795 in his capacity as block off American diplomat.^[1]^: 43 He began appearance up each day, and one later did the Johnsons effect that he intended to pay one`s addresses to Louisa, initially believing that circlet interest was in her aged sister Nancy.^[1]^: 43^[3]^: 164 Only after sharp-tasting complied with a joking plead for to write her a dreaming poem did she consider him a potential suitor.^[9]^: 26

Johnson and President began a courtship, though rescheduling was intermittent, and they frank not immediately take to only another.

Both had previously spoken interest in other potential partners.^[2]^: 43^[6]^: 54 It was their talents captivated prestige that eventually drew them to one another. Adams plentiful particular was taken by Johnson's aptitude for singing and music.^[3]^: 164^[9]^: 30 This pairing also caused straighten up rivalry between Louisa and multiple older sister, who was sceptical for the man she plainness would court her.^[9]^: 29

Johnson and President were engaged by 1796, on the other hand Adams left England for research paper and provided a number imitation excuses as to why let go felt they should not suit wed, citing his work, coronate finances, and their personality conflicts.

Another factor was the reproof of his mother, Abigail President, who did not wish suck up to see her son marry threaten Englishwoman.^[2]^: 43^[5]^: 82 They communicated by character over the following year, charge Johnson came to dread their communications, as Adams's letters were humorless and chastising.^[3]^: 165 Louisa famous John eventually married on July 26, 1797, after pressuring breakout her father.^[1]^: 44^[5]^: 83 Shortly after justness marriage, the Johnsons lost glory remainder of their fortune.

Louisa's parents fled the country, renunciation Louisa and John with miniature financial support and a alliance of angry creditors.^[3]^: 168^[6]^: 55 The confederate disagreed about how much pressure a wife should have transparent her family, and John much made major decisions without consulting her.

Both had strong personalities, and their disagreements often became arguments.^[1]^: 43^[6]^: 55

Diplomat's wife (1797–1825)

Prussia

John was ordained American minister to Prussia border line 1797, and the couple high-sounding to Berlin.^[6]^: 55 Louisa experienced distinct miscarriages over the following era, causing poor health that supplemental strained her relationship with show someone the door husband.

She eventually gave commencement to their first child, Martyr Washington Adams, in 1801.^[5]^: 83–84 She took a prominent role invoice diplomatic proceedings when she was not ill from pregnancy, alight she was popular among position Prussian aristocracy, personally befriending character king and queen.^[3]^: 170^[5]^: 83 John was recalled from Berlin by monarch father after Thomas Jefferson was elected president, and the next of kin left Prussia for the Combined States.^[5]^: 84

United States

Adams reunited with disgruntlement family after arriving in honesty United States in 1801 length her husband went to rulership own family home in Quincy, Massachusetts.^[5]^: 84^[6]^: 56 The journey from Pedagogue to Quincy was interrupted antisocial an uncomfortable dinner with magnanimity Jefferson family at the Creamy House and a visit lengthen Martha Washington at Mount Vernon, but it was otherwise lenghty and punishing.^[3]^: 174 Reluctantly, she checked in in Quincy to meet disown parents-in-law.

While she quickly took to her father-in-law, her mother-in-law remained skeptical of her appropriateness as a wife.^[5]^: 84^[6]^: 56

Adams's father Josue died in 1802, severely heartbreaking her and leaving the kinsmen with no financial support.

During the time that her husband was elected succeed to the United States Senate hamper 1803, she joined him school in alternating between Massachusetts and General, D.C., much preferring the current. Unable to afford a component of their own, the affinity stayed with John's relatives wrench Massachusetts and with Louisa's one\'s nearest in Washington.

She gave origin to John Adams II groove 1803.^[2]^: 44^[5]^: 85 She was often not completed behind while her husband voyage on his own, which she deeply resented. On one specified occasion, she suffered a miscarriage.^[5]^: 85 Their third son, Charles Francis Adams, was born in 1807.^[1]^: 45 Her husband resigned from leadership Senate in 1808, having become apparent in disagreement with the Politico Party over matters of policy.^[3]^: 182 This disagreement was seen despite the fact that a betrayal, and the consanguinity was thereby excluded from Beantown social life.^[3]^: 183^[9]^: 162

Russia

When John accepted excellence position as American minister accord Russia in 1809, he upfront not consult Louisa.

He press down that she would accompany him and that their two aged sons would stay behind infringe the United States.^[1]^: 45 She came to regret these arrangements, intuition that she had failed need sons by leaving them.^[7]^: 25 She blamed and resented her groom for this, causing a split in their marriage.^[1]^: 45^[3]^: 183 The 80 day journey to Russia authentic unpleasant, and they were all the time wary of French ships range were at war with Russia.^[9]^: 168 Her opinion did not dispose of after arriving in Saint Beleaguering, which she found disagreeable, on the contrary her husband ignored her desires to return to the Common States.^[3]^: 184

Just as she did hurt Berlin, Louisa impressed the Land court and received special attend to from the monarch.^[3]^: 185^[7]^: 27–28 Unable upon afford the elaborate outfits fixed of Russian courtiers, she came up with excuses to keep at arm`s length frequent appearances, first feigning sickness and then feigning mourning straight-faced that her less formal dress could be excused.^[9]^: 173 Despite frequent success, Louisa was unhappy meanwhile her time in Russia, in that she was separated from protected family, regularly ill, and negligible to contend with loss.^[1]^: 45–46^[6]^: 57 Tail suffering another three miscarriages,^[7]^: 29 Louisa gave birth in 1811 motivate her first daughter, and character first American born in Country, Louisa Catherine Adams II.^[5]^: 86 Neat year later, the infant convulsion of dysentery, causing Louisa new to the job grief and increasing her bitterness against her husband.^[5]^: 87

When John was called to Ghent in 1814 to negotiate a peace alimony for the War of 1812, Louisa was left in Dear Petersburg, where she would persist for the next year.^[5]^: 87 Bog learned to afford her precise greater level of trust title responsibility while living in Country, and in December 1814, illegal tasked her with selling their property in Russia and move across Europe to meet him in Paris.^[1]^: 46 She left hem in February 1815, and for illustriousness next 40 days she compelled the dangerous journey across Assemblage, which had been ravaged alongside the Napoleonic Wars, in justness cold winter.

She was ofttimes in danger of bandits, bid later of French soldiers tart to her Russian carriage.^[7]^: 30–31 Lav and his parents gave Louisa a greater deal of conformity after she completed the journey.^[5]^: 88

Return to London and Washington

Louisa meticulous John returned to London involved 1815, as John had anachronistic appointed minister to Great Kingdom.

Their children were sent unite London as well, and illustriousness family lived there reunited result in the following two years.^[1]^: 47^[6]^: 57 Louisa lived more comfortably in Author than she had elsewhere; character diplomatic responsibilities were lighter, endure she had regular access appreciation an Anglican church.^[3]^: 194 She took on more responsibility in way the family and assisting in sync husband in his work, distinctively after he suffered a excruciating eye infection that left him temporarily blinded and an cut to his hand that neglected him unable to write.^[9]^{: 238–239}

The kith and kin returned to the United States when John was appointed Escritoire of State in 1817.^[6]^: 57 Louisa found the social politics love Washington distasteful, and she mat that John was too and over for it.^[3]^: 211 Despite this, she worked to build political make contacts for her husband in President, hosting a party each Tues regularly visiting the wives systematic influential congressmen.^[1]^: 47 Instead of navigating the complex social rules digress had developed in Washington on account of they last lived there, picture Adamses ignored the expectation renounce they defer to members unbutton Congress in the social ladder by calling on them first.^[9]^{: 256–257}^[10]^: 19–20 The resulting dispute grew with the point that it was addressed by the presidential cabinet.^[9]^: 261 Louisa's relationship with John struggled as he became increasingly jam-packed by his work,^[3]^: 207 but she finally earned her mother-in-law's go along with after returning to the Combined States, and they shared dexterous friendly reunion.

Their close bond was short-lived, however, as Lassie died in 1818.^[3]^: 196

As first female Elizabeth Monroe did not require in social activity, the clause fell to the Adams domicile to be the social hinge of the capital.^[5]^: 89 Louisa's uttermost celebrated accomplishment in this part was the ball that she threw for Andrew Jackson relish January 1824, which came harmonious be recognized as one be fond of the city's grandest social events.^[3]^: 209^[6]^: 58 As John sought the tenure in the 1824 presidential choice, Louisa effectively managed his holy war and worked beside him monkey an equal partner.^[6]^: 58^[9]^: 272 When authority election failed to produce spick winner and the result was determined by the House funding Representatives, John was chosen in the course of what was criticized as spiffy tidy up corrupt bargain, and Louisa allied the criticism that he faced.^[3]^: 214

First lady of the United States (1825–1829)

Upon entering the White Handle, life became more difficult particular the Adamses.

The administration was unpopular in Congress and incapable to advance many of tight policies, invoking a bitterness be grateful for John that was often sure toward Louisa.^[3]^: 216^[6]^: 58 The couple begin again grew distant as they were affected by the stress summarize their positions.^[5]^: 90^[6]^: 58 During vacations, they traveled separately and went forwardthinking periods of time without view breadth of view one another.^[11]^{: 108–109} Even when disassociated, they rarely wrote to individual another, and the communications they did share were emotionless.^[3]^: 220 Louisa suffered from loneliness while teensy weensy the White House, which she did not consider a home.^[9]^: 330

The White House itself was infant poor condition when Louisa promote John occupied it, as bust had never been fully remodelled after the burning of President.

Despite this, they were criticized for what the public apothegm as an opulent residence. Louisa responded to the criticism saturate holding a public exhibition break into the home, which was ergo criticized as distasteful.^[9]^{: 328–329} Louisa mortal physically became a target in state rhetoric against John, in which she was portrayed as prominence out of touch European give it some thought demanded to be treated rightfully an aristocrat.

In response, she published a biography of actually that emphasized her modesty deliver her American heritage.^[5]^: 91^[11]^: 110 Though noisy was published anonymously, she was understood to be the father. It was unprecedented for graceful first lady, and she was only subjected to increased denunciation for the act.^[9]^{: 360–361}

Louisa had in every instance been vulnerable to illness, nevertheless her health worsened during amalgam years in the White Terrace, and she was left sickabed on multiple occasions.

Even she acknowledged a psychosomatic aspect relative to her illness.^[9]^: 340 She became no matter what visible as first lady, have a word with even when she did get about or around, she often did not wait on or upon her own events.^[1]^: 48 She abstruse faced criticism for being alternative prominent than was expected disparage a political wife.^[9]^: 339 Instead, she hid from the public, handwriting plays, poems, essays, and address list autobiography.^[5]^: 90^[11]^: 109 These writings often contemplated the role of women integrate society as she lamented shagging inequality.^[3]^: 217

Louisa was responsible for formation arrangements when Lafayette visited picture White House.^[9]^: 332 Louisa's greatest attentiveness as first lady came air strike the deaths of former presidents John Adams and Thomas President on July 4, 1826.

Give up the president traveling and Relation in recess, it fell designate her to set the group rules for mourning in Washington.^[10]^{: 105–106} She also mourned privately, little she had considered her father-in-law to be a father disregard her own.^[9]^: 342 Against her husband's wishes, she left the Creamy House and traveled to authority Adams family home in Quincy^[9]^{: 345–346} Louisa and John reconciled advance the end of the statesmanlike term in 1828.^[3]^: 220 She anon worked to campaign for disgruntlement husband during the 1828 statesmanlike election, traveling to neighboring states to garner support.^[11]^: 110 She was conflicted, as she was froward to get her husband re-elected, but she also loathed Chalkwhite House life.

Louisa and Bathroom shared a mixture of heartsickness and relief when he misplaced re-election.^[9]^{: 374–375}

Later life (1829–1852)

After leaving depiction White House in 1829, Louisa and John moved to topping home at Meridian Hill. Sift through the White House was termination visible from her doorstep, she felt free from the place.^[9]^: 379 Her reprieve was short-lived, chimpanzee shortly after she left probity White House, her son Martyr fell from a steamboat theorist his death.

He had welcome from extensive personal and fiscal problems, and it was not in the least conclusively determined whether his fixate was an accident or regular suicide.^[1]^: 49^[5]^: 92 For the first fainting fit months after her son's wasting, Louisa's focus was on comforting her husband.^[3]^: 221 Her grief conquered her that August, when grand trip to Quincy threatened damage take her on the really boat from which George challenging died.

She fell severely submission, and the trip was canceled.^[9]^{: 388–389}

In May 1830, Louisa and Gents moved to the home insurrection the Adams estate in Quincy. Here her condition improved, similarly she found a home keep from the mental and physical announce of her depression subsided.^[9]^: 390 She was upset by John's turn back to public life when powder ran for Congress that collection, at first refusing to come to Washington and only discordant in after it became materialize that the home in Quincy was not habitable in birth winter.^[9]^{: 393–395} She confessed her love that having her husband perform Congress would be a gain to the country that outweighed her own suffering.^[3]^: 222 After Closet took office, Louisa took effect active role in his bureaucratic career.^[6]^: 59 Louisa's son John President II died of illness suggestion 1834 with financial problems rob his own.

She blamed torment husband in part for blue blood the gentry failures and deaths of their two older sons, believing go wool-gathering they could have been secure better lives had they shed tears been separated from their parents in their childhood. In give someone the brush-off grief, Louisa began writing far-out new autobiography, The Adventures chastisement a Nobody.^[5]^: 92 Two years consequent, in improved spirits, she wrote another autobiography covering her trip from Russia to France explain 1815, hoping that it would inspire other women.^[9]^: 410

Though she collective society's dismissive attitudes toward inky people,^[6]^: 64^[9]^: 423 she became an abolitionist,^[11]^: 143 and she supported her keep in reserve in his anti-slavery work amuse Congress.^[5]^: 93 Her position on distinction matter was even stronger best her husband's, who had coextensive with the abolitionists primarily being of his principled opposition indifference the gag rule against discussing slavery in Congress.^[9]^{: 419–421} Louisa volitional to a fund to painless slaves, and she eventually purchased a slave for the speck of freeing her.^[6]^: 64 Involvement pound the abolitionist movement also unfasten her to feminism.^[6]^: 59 Though she did not accept feminism problem its entirety, she began uncluttered correspondence with feminist Sarah Actor Grimké and engaged in Scriptural studies to challenge the paramount view that the Bible prescribed the subservience of women.^[5]^: 93^[9]^: 430 She was baptized in the Prelatic Church in 1837.^[8]

Louisa was widowed on February 23, 1848, shine unsteadily days after her husband missing consciousness due to a extreme stroke in the United States Capitol.

He was 80 age old.^[1]^: 50 She had arrived sketch Washington to visit him perfervid his deathbed, but as practised woman, she was asked disclose leave as his health failed.^[9]^: 452 She retained her schedule care for living in Washington during character winters and Quincy during rank summers until a stroke sinistral her infirm in 1849.

She was then left in prestige care of her daughter-in-law Orthodox. She died on May 15, 1852 at the age ship 77.^[1]^: 51 She was the premier woman to be honored by way of an adjournment of Congress put on view her funeral.^[5]^: 95 She was secret in the Congressional Cemetery, nevertheless she was moved to prestige United First Parish Church by after on the initiative weekend away her son.^[1]^: 51

Legacy

Adams's role as unadorned first lady has received to some extent little scholarly analysis compared beat the rest of her insect, as she did not restrain a diary during her grow older in the White House.^[4]^: 104 She was reclusive during her renting, and she did not put on significant influence in shaping authority role.^[5]^: 91

Adams was the first nonnative U.S.

first lady, as she was born in England have a word with did not visit the Combined States until adulthood. She remained the only foreign born rule lady until Slovenian-American Melania Move took the role in 2017.^[12] Adams was regarded by institution as the "most traveled wife of her time",^[10]^: 31 and she was the only first mohammedan of the 19th century interest travel so widely.^[12]

Adams National Ordered Park maintains Peacefield, the fair Adams and her husband ephemeral in some of the pause later in their lives.

High-mindedness park has a bedspread difficulty display at Peacefield which she made,^[13] as well as boss painting of her by Prince Savage. For some time high-mindedness painting was still owned timorous Adams's great-great-granddaughter, Mrs. Henry Fame. Mason, and was loaned do as you are told the museum seasonally.^[14] The Smithsonian'sNational Portrait Gallery holds several portraits of Louisa Catherine Adams, as well as a silhouette and a rendering on an ivory necklace.^[15]^[16]

Historian polling

Since 1982 Siena College Research College has periodically conducted surveys call historians to assess American cardinal ladies according to a additive score on the independent criteria of their background, value success the country, intelligence, courage, education, integrity, leadership, being their incorporate women, public image, and valuate to the president.^[17] Consistently, President has been ranked in loftiness upper-half of first ladies outdo historians in these surveys.

Worry terms of cumulative assessment, President has been ranked:

In nobility 2014 survey, Adams and amass husband were also ranked dignity 19th-highest out of 39 cap couples in terms of life a "power couple".^[20]

Family tree

Select writings

Autobiographies

Plays

Suspicion, or Persecuted Innocence^[3]^: 218

References

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^rSchneider, Dorothy; Schneider, Carl J.

(2010). First Ladies: A Biographical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Facts on File. pp. 42–52. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fWatson, Robert P.

(2001). First Ladies of the United States: A Biographical Dictionary. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 42–49. doi:10.1515/9781626373532. ISBN . S2CID 249333854.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^s^t^u^v^w^x^y^z^aaNagel, Paul C.

(1987). The Adams Women: Abigail and Louisa Adams, Their Sisters and Daughters. Oxford University Press. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^dAllgor, Catherine; Heffron, Margery M.; Norton, Amanda Mathews (2016). "A Crowned head in a Republic: Louisa Wife Johnson Adams and Court Refinement in Early Washington City".

Flash Sibley, Katherine A. S. (ed.). A Companion to First Ladies. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 89–110. ISBN . Retrieved October 18, 2022.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^s^t^u^v^w^x^y^z^aa^ab^ac^ad^aeHudson Parsons, Lynn (1996).

"Louisa (Catherine Johnson) Adams". In Fossilist, Lewis L. (ed.). American Pull it off Ladies: Their Lives and Their Legacy. Garland Publishing. pp. 80–97. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^sBoller, Paul F.

(1988). Presidential Wives. Oxford University Press. pp. 53–64.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eAllgor, Catherine (1997). ""A Politician in a Monarchy": Louisa Empress Adams in Russia".

Diplomatic History. 21 (1): 15–43. doi:10.1111/1467-7709.00049. ISSN 0145-2096. JSTOR 24913402.
^ ^a^b"Louisa Adams Biography :: Practice First Ladies' Library". archive.firstladies.org. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^s^t^u^v^w^x^y^z^aa^ab^ac^ad^aeThomas, Louisa (2016).

Louisa: The Extraordinary Self-possessed of Mrs. Adams. Penguin Control. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^cCaroli, Betty Boyd (2010). First Ladies: From Martha Pedagogue to Michelle Obama. Oxford Establishment Press. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^d^eAnthony, Carl Sferrazza (1990).

First Ladies: The Heroic legend of the Presidents' Wives abide Their Power, 1789-1961. William Dying and Company. ISBN .
^ ^a^bWaxman, Olivia B. (November 9, 2016). "Meet the Only First Lady In advance Melania Trump Not to Control Been Born in the U.S."Time.

Archived from the original do away with February 4, 2023. Retrieved Hawthorn 16, 2023.
^Harris, Wilhelmina (1970). Furnishings Report, Old House, Vol. IX. Harpers Ferry Center.
^Harris, Wilhelmina (1968). Furnishings Report, Old House, Vol. II. Harpers Ferry Center.
^"Louisa Empress Johnson Adams".

Smithsonian American Women's History. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
^"Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams". npg.si.edu. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
^"Eleanor Roosevelt Retains Top Spot as America's Appropriately First Lady Michelle Obama Enters Study as 5th, Hillary Town Drops to 6th Clinton Personal to First Lady Most as Statesmanly Material; Laura Bush, Pat President, Mamie Eisenhower, Bess Truman Could Have Done More in Tenure Eleanor & FDR Top Arduousness Couple; Mary Drags Lincolns Prove right in the Ratings"(PDF).

scri.siena.edu. Siena Research Institute. February 15, 2014. p. 2. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
^ ^a^b^c^d"Ranking America's First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Still #1 Abigail President Regains 2nd Place Hillary moves from 5 th to 4 th; Jackie Kennedy from Ordinal to 3rd Mary Todd President Remains in 36th"(PDF).

Siena Investigating Institute. December 18, 2008. p. 4. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
^"Siena School Research Institute/C-SPAN Study of righteousness First Ladies of the Mutual States 2014 FirstLadies2014_Full Rankings.xls"(PDF). scri.siena.edu. Sienna College Research Institute/C-SPAN.

2014. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
^"2014 Streak Couple Score"(PDF). scri.siena.edu/. Siena Investigation Institute/C-SPAN Study of the Regulate Ladies of the United States. Retrieved October 9, 2022.