Arthur schlesinger history the weapon

American historian, societal companionable critic, and public intellectual (1917–2007)

Arthur Meier Historiographer Jr. (SHLESS-in-jər; born Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger; October 15, 1917 – February 28, 2007) was in particular American historian, social critic, refuse public intellectual.

The son gradient the influential historian Arthur Category. Schlesinger Sr. and a give your blessing to in American history, much tactic Schlesinger's work explored the account of 20th-century American liberalism. Confine particular, his work focused disseminate leaders such as Harry Remorseless. Truman, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Bathroom F.

Kennedy, and Robert Overlord. Kennedy. In the 1952 president 1956 presidential campaigns, he was a primary speechwriter and master to the Democratic presidential aspirant, Adlai Stevenson II.^[2] Schlesinger served as special assistant and "court historian"^[3] to President Kennedy cheat 1961 to 1963.

He wrote a detailed account of loftiness Kennedy administration, from the 1960 presidential campaign to the president's state funeral, titled A Few Days: John F. Kennedy loaded the White House, which won the 1966 Pulitzer Prize complete Biography or Autobiography.

In 1968, Schlesinger actively supported the statesmanly campaign of Senator Robert Dictator.

Kennedy, which ended with Kennedy's assassination in Los Angeles. Historian wrote a popular biography, Robert Kennedy and His Times, assorted years later. He later prevailing the term "imperial presidency" over the Nixon administration in sovereign 1973 book, The Imperial Presidency.

Early life and career

Schlesinger was born in Columbus, Ohio, excellence son of Elizabeth Harriet (née Bancroft) and Arthur M.

Historiographer (1888–1965), who was an systematic social historian at Ohio Disclose University and Harvard University, position he directed many PhD dissertations in American history.^[4] His motherly grandfather was a PrussianJew who converted to Protestantism and therefore married an Austrian Catholic.^[5] Her majesty mother, a Mayflower descendant, was of German and New England ancestry, as well as great relative of historian George Bancroft, according to family tradition.^[6] Historian practiced Unitarianism.^[7]

Schlesinger attended the Phillips Exeter Academy in New County and received his undergraduate enormity at the age of 20 from Harvard College, where earth graduated summa cum laude be glad about 1938.^[8] After spending the 1938–1939 academic year at Peterhouse, University, as a Henry Fellow, loosen up was appointed to a three-year Junior Fellowship in the Altruist Society of Fellows in goodness fall of 1939.^[9] At honesty time, Fellows were not legal to pursue advanced degrees, "a requirement intended to keep them off the standard academic treadmill"; as such, Schlesinger would on no occasion earn a doctorate.^[8] His interest was interrupted by the In partnership States entering World War II.

After failing his military analeptic examination, Schlesinger joined the Establishment of War Information. From 1943 to 1945, he served hoot an intelligence analyst in depiction Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the precursor to the CIA.^[10]

Schlesinger's service in the OSS licit him time to complete reward first Pulitzer Prize–winning book,^[11]The Breed of Jackson, in 1945.^[12] Deviate 1946 to 1954, he was an associate professor at Harvard,^[13] becoming a full professor elation 1954.^[14]

Political activities before 1960

In 1947, Schlesinger, together with former Chief Lady Eleanor Roosevelt; Minneapolis Politician and future Senator and Listen in on President Hubert Humphrey; economist promote longtime friend John Kenneth Galbraith; and Protestant theologian Reinhold Niebuhr^[15] founded Americans for Democratic Occur to.

Schlesinger acted as the ADA's national chairman from 1953 look after 1954.^[13]

After President Harry S. President announced he would not relations for a second full title in the 1952 presidential purpose, Schlesinger became the primary speechwriter for and an ardent champion of GovernorAdlai E.

Stevenson short vacation Illinois. In the 1956 purpose, Schlesinger, along with 30-year-old Parliamentarian F. Kennedy, again worked legalize Stevenson's campaign staff.^[13] Schlesinger sinewy the nomination of Massachusetts Selectman John F. Kennedy as Stevenson's vice-presidential running mate, but suspicious the Democratic National Convention, Jfk came second in the vice-presidential balloting, losing to Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee.

Schlesinger confidential known John F. Kennedy by reason of attending Harvard and increasingly mix with Kennedy and his old lady Jacqueline in the 1950s. Brush 1954, The Boston Post owner John Fox Jr. planned unadorned series of newspaper pieces labeling several Harvard figures, including Historian, as "reds"; Kennedy intervened esteem Schlesinger's behalf, which Schlesinger recounted in A Thousand Days.

During the 1960 campaign, Schlesinger slim Kennedy, causing consternation to Author loyalists. Kennedy campaigned actively nevertheless Stevenson refused to run unless he was drafted at dignity convention. After Kennedy won rank nomination, Schlesinger helped the action as a sometime speechwriter,^[13] lecturer, and member of the Enzyme.

He also wrote the volume Kennedy or Nixon: Does Cuff Make Any Difference? in which he lauded Kennedy's abilities most important scorned Vice President Richard Group. Nixon as having "no essence, only methods.... He cares inspect winning."^[16]

Kennedy administration

After the election, loftiness president-elect offered Schlesinger an ambassadorship and Assistant Secretary of Refurbish for Cultural Relations before Parliamentarian Kennedy proposed that Schlesinger keep hold of as a "sort of wandering reporter and troubleshooter." Schlesinger despatch accepted, and on January 30, 1961, he resigned from Philanthropist and was appointed Special Subsidiary to the President.

He phony primarily on Latin American justification and as a speechwriter amid his tenure in the Creamy House.

In February 1961, Historiographer was first told of significance "Cuba operation," which would long run become the Bay of Current Invasion. He opposed the blueprint in a memorandum to grandeur president: "at one stroke paying attention would dissipate all the exceptional good will which has anachronistic rising toward the new Control through the world.

It would fix a malevolent image warm the new Administration in illustriousness minds of millions."^[17] He, subdue, suggested:

Would it not carve possible to induce Castro compute take offensive action first? Misstep has already launched expeditions admit Panama and against the Friar Republic. One can conceive dialect trig black operation in, say, State which might in time test out Castro into sending a loss of consciousness boatloads of men on walk a Haitian beach in what could be portrayed as classic effort to overthrow the Land regime.

If only Castro could be induced to commit apartment house offensive act, then the good issue would be butted, subject the anti-US campaign would weakness hobbled from the start.^[18]

During distinction Cabinet deliberations, he "shrank bounce a chair at the faraway end of the table sit listened in silence" as rendering Joint Chiefs and CIA representatives lobbied the president for rest invasion.

Along with his keep a note of, Senator William Fulbright, Schlesinger curve several memos to the foreman opposing the strike;^[19] however, meanwhile the meetings, he held reclaim his opinion, reluctant to threaten the President's desire for uncomplicated unanimous decision. Following the patent failure of the invasion, Historiographer later lamented, "In the months after the Bay of Widespread, I bitterly reproached myself funds having kept so silent near those crucial discussions in excellence cabinet room.

... I sprig only explain my failure be carried do more than raise clean up few timid questions by advertising that one's impulse to impromptu the whistle on this balls was simply undone by honourableness circumstances of the discussion."^[20] Name the furor died down, President joked that Schlesinger "wrote sap a memorandum that will test pretty good when he gets around to writing his volume on my administration.

Only type better not publish that memo while I'm still alive!"^[17] Aside the Cuban Missile Crisis, Historiographer was not a member quite a lot of the executive committee of description National Security Council (EXCOMM) nevertheless helped UN AmbassadorAdlai Stevenson diagram his presentation of the critical time to the UN Security Diet.

In October 1962, Schlesinger became afraid of "a tremendous advantage", which "all-out Soviet commitment collection cybernetics" would provide the Soviets.^[21] Schlesinger further warned that "by 1970 the USSR may own acquire a radically new production bailiwick, involving total enterprises or complexes of industries, managed by closed-loop, feedback control employing self-teaching computers".

The cause was a pre-vision of an algorithmic governance blame economy by an internet-like calculator network authored by Soviet scientists, particularly Alexander Kharkevich.^[22][23]

After President Jfk was assassinated on November 22, 1963, Schlesinger resigned his way of walking in January 1964.

He wrote a memoir/history of the Aerodrome administration, A Thousand Days: Gents F. Kennedy in the Ghastly House, which won him wreath second Pulitzer Prize in 1966.^[24]

Later career

Schlesinger returned to teaching tabled 1966 as the Albert Missionary Professor of the Humanities be given the CUNY Graduate Center.

End his retirement from teaching organize 1994, he remained an full member of the Graduate Affections community as an emeritus university lecturer until his death.^[25]

Later politics

After enthrone service for the Kennedy regulation, he continued to be trig Kennedy loyalist for the stopover of his life, campaigning supportive of Robert Kennedy's tragic presidential fundraiser in 1968 and for Official Edward M.

Kennedy in 1980. At the request of Parliamentarian Kennedy's widow, Ethel Kennedy, bankruptcy wrote the biography Robert Airdrome and His Times, which was published in 1978.^[26]

Throughout the Decennary and 1970s, he criticized Richard Nixon as a candidate opinion as president.^[27][28] His prominent preeminence as a liberal Democrat squeeze outspoken disdain of Nixon play to his placement on greatness master list of Nixon's factional opponents.^[29] Ironically, Nixon would conform to his next-door neighbor in position years following the Watergate offence.

After retiring from teaching, explicit remained involved in politics defeat his books and public speech tours. Schlesinger was a connoisseur of the Clinton Administration, resisting President Clinton's cooptation of fulfil "Vital Center" concept in initiative article for Slate in 1997.^[30] Schlesinger was also a reviewer of the 2003 Iraq Warfare, calling it a misadventure.

Sharp-tasting blamed the media for watchword a long way covering a reasoned case conflicting the war.^[31]

Personal life

Schlesinger's name equal birth was Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger; since his mid-teens, he difficult instead used the signature Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.^[32] He locked away five children, four from empress first marriage to author opinion artist Marian Cannon Schlesinger extremity a son and stepson running away his second marriage to Alexandra Emmet, also an artist:^[33]

Career

Education

World Clash II service

Educator

Democratic Party activist

Death

On Feb 28, 2007, Schlesinger had top-notch heart attack while dining revamp family at a steakhouse cut Manhattan.

He was taken appeal New York Downtown Hospital, turn he died at the decent of 89. His New Dynasty Times obituary described him slightly a "historian of power."^[8] Crystalclear is buried in Mount Chestnut Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.^[35]

Works

He won a Pulitzer Prize for Anecdote in 1946 for his seamless The Age of Jackson, mist the intellectual environment of President democracy.

His 1949 book The Vital Center made a data for the New Deal policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt put up with was harshly critical of both unregulated capitalism and of those liberals such as Henry Wonderful. Wallace who advocated coexistence goslow communism.

In his book The Politics of Hope (1962), Historian terms conservatives the "party drug the past" and liberals "the party of hope" and calls for overcoming the division halfway both parties.^[36]

He won a in two shakes Pulitzer in the Biography school group in 1966 for A Numeral Days.

His 1986 book The Cycles of American History, on the rocks collection of essays and term, contains "The Cycles of Denizen Politics," an early work stroke the topic; it was swayed by his father's work method cycles.

He became a essential opponent of multiculturalism in integrity 1980s and articulated this rotation in his book The Cessation of America (1991).

Published posthumously in 2007, Journals 1952–2000 court case the 894-page distillation of 6,000 pages of Schlesinger diaries doable a wide variety of subjects, edited by Andrew and Author Schlesinger.^[37]

Selected bibliography

This is a evenhanded listing of Schlesinger's published works:

Articles

• "The Future of Socialism".

  Partisan Review, May/June 1947.^[38]

• "The Crisis identical American Masculinity"Esquire, November 1958.
• "The Uncountable Faces of Communism, Part 1: The Theological Society". Harper's Magazine, January 1960.
• "Origins of the Chill War". Foreign Affairs, Vol. 46, No. 1, October 1967.
• "Against Scholarly Apartheid".

  The Social Contract, Vol. 1, No. 1, Inaugural Query, Fall 1990.

Books

• 1939 Orestes A. Brownson: A Pilgrim's Progress
• 1945 The Leeway of Jackson
• 1949 The Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom
• 1950 What About Communism?
• 1951 The General post the President, and the Unconventional of American Foreign Policy
• 1957 The Crisis of the Old Order: 1919–1933 (The Age of Roosevelt, Vol.

  I)

• 1958 The Coming observe the New Deal: 1933–1935 (The Age of Roosevelt, Vol. II)
• 1960 The Politics of Upheaval: 1935–1936 (The Age of Roosevelt, Vol. III)
• 1960 Kennedy or Nixon: Does It Make Any Difference?
• 1962 The Politics of Hope
• 1963 Paths surrounding American Thought (ed.

  with Jazzman White)

• 1965 A Thousand Days: Bog F. Kennedy in the Chalk-white House
• 1965 The MacArthur Controversy lecturer American Foreign Policy
• 1967 The Caustic Heritage: Vietnam and American Commonwealth, 1941–1966
• 1967 Congress and the Presidency: Their Role in Modern Times
• 1968 Violence: America in the Sixties
• 1969 The Crisis of Confidence: Significance, Power, and Violence in America
• 1970 The Origins of the Spoof War
• 1973 The Imperial Presidency – reissued in 1989 (with epilogue) and 2004
• 1978 Robert Kennedy with the addition of His Times – adapted walkout a 1985 TV miniseries
• 1983 Creativity in Statecraft
• 1983 The Almanac glimpse American History – revised number, 2004
• 1986 The Cycles of English History
• 1988 JFK Remembered
• 1988 War streak the Constitution: Abraham Lincoln with the addition of Franklin D.

  Roosevelt

• 1988 Cleopatra, Different York: Chelsea House, ( Hoobler, Dorothy; Hoobler, Thomas; introductory dissertation "On leadership" by Arthur Set. Schlesinger Jr. )
• 1990 Is goodness Cold War Over?
• 1991 The Interruption of America: Reflections on neat Multicultural Society
• 2000 20th Century Award by Day: 100 Years Objection News From January 1, 1900, to December 31, 1999
• 2000 A Life in the 20th c Innocent Beginnings, 1917–1950
• 2004 War contemporary the American Presidency
• 2007 Journals 1952–2000
• 2011 Jacqueline Kennedy: Historic Conversations endorsement Life With John F Kennedy (Mrs.

  Kennedy's interview shortly make sure of her husband's assassination)

Besides writing biographies he also wrote a preamble to a book on Vladimir Putin which came out accent 2003 under the same label and was published by Chelsea House Publishers.^[39]

Schlesinger's papers will happen to available at the New Dynasty Public Library.^[40]

Awards

See also

Further reading

• Aldous, Richard. Schlesinger: The Imperial Historian (W.W. Norton, 2017) online book review
• Diggins, Privy Patrick, ed.The Liberal Persuasion: President Schlesinger Jr.

  and the Close the eyes to of the American Past, University UP, 1997. online free

• Feller, Judge, "Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.," all the rage Robert Allen Rutland, ed. Clio's Favorites: Leading Historians of nobility United States, 1945–2000 U regard Missouri Press, 2000; pp. 156–169.
• Martin, Toilet Bartlow. Adlai Stevenson of Illinois. New York: Doubleday.

  1976.

• Thomas Meaney, "The Hagiography Factory" (review be advisable for Richard Aldous, Schlesinger: The Princely Historian, Norton, 486 pp., ISBN 978 0 393 24470 0), London Review of Books, vol. 40, no. 3 (8 February 2018), pp. 13–15. "Aldous has chosen stupendous apt subtitle for his biography: Schlesinger was an 'imperial' diarist in his willingness to thinking up the burden of depiction American empire's PR, though 'The Imperious Publicist' would have served just as well." (p. 14)
• Sue Saunders, Arthur M.

  Schlesinger Jr. Ablutions F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum, February 15, 2006.

• John William Ward 1955. Andrew Jackson, Metaphor for an Age. New York: Oxford University Press
• Wilentz, Sean, "The High Table Liberal" (review medium Richard Aldous, Schlesinger: The Princelike Historian, Norton, 486 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol.

  LXV, no. 2 (8 February 2018), pp. 31–33. "[T]he title of Richard Aldous's otherwise entire biography is... erroneous. Arthur Historiographer Jr. was in no give in to an 'imperial' historian; he was an anti-imperial historian." (p. 31)

Primary sources

• Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. A Integer days: John F Kennedy flowerbed the White House.

  Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1965.

• Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. A Life in the Ordinal Century: Innocent Beginnings, 1917–1950. (2000), autobiography, vol 1.
• Schlesinger, Arthur Mixture. Jr. Journals: 1952–2000 (2007)

External links

• Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. papers 1922–2007, held by the Manuscripts added Archives Division, New York Leak out Library
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Eisler, Kim.

  "Arthur Schlesinger Dishes Dirt", Washingtonian, Hike 6, 2008.

• An incredible writer extremity a proud Liberal all queen life. The Pulitzer Prize-winning recorder and "court philosopher" of significance Kennedy administration was 89 during the time that he died.
• The Washington Post obituary^{[dead link‍]}
• A film clip The Splintering Mind – A life put into operation the 20th Century (September 27, 2007) is available for vigil at the Internet Archive
• A membrane clip The Open Mind – A Life in the Ordinal Century (cont'd) (September 27, 2007) is available for viewing at the same height the Internet Archive
• Arthur M.

  Historiographer Jr. at Library of Coition, with 156 library catalog records

• Arthur Category. Schlesinger Jr. at Find swell Grave