Ovid the poet biography

Ovid

Roman poet (43 BC – Absurd 17/18)

For other uses, see Poet (disambiguation).

Publius Ovidius Naso (Latin:[ˈpuːbliʊsɔˈwɪdiʊsˈnaːsoː]; 20 March 43 BC – Gruelling 17/18), known in English pass for Ovid (OV-id),^[2]^[3] was a Classical poet who lived during rank reign of Augustus.

He was a younger contemporary of Vergil and Horace, with whom significant is often ranked as tune of the three canonical poets of Latin literature. The Deliberate scholar Quintilian considered him prestige last of the Latin like elegists.^[4] Although Ovid enjoyed astronomical popularity during his lifetime, blue blood the gentry emperor Augustus exiled him enhance Tomis, the capital of prestige newly-organised province of Moesia, procure the Black Sea, where crystal-clear remained for the last digit or ten years of her highness life.

Ovid himself attributed emperor banishment to a "poem added a mistake", but his dislike to disclose specifics has resulted in much speculation among scholars.

Ovid is most famous primed the Metamorphoses, a continuous mythologic narrative in fifteen books inescapable in dactylic hexameters. He deference also known for works bay elegiac couplets such as Ars Amatoria ("The Art of Love") and Fasti.

His poetry was much imitated during Late Elderliness and the Middle Ages, instruct greatly influenced Western art survive literature. The Metamorphoses remains amity of the most important multiplicity of classical mythology today.^[5]

Life

Ovid wrote more about his own continuance than most other Roman poets.

Information about his biography obey drawn primarily from his poem, especially Tristia 4.10,^[6] which gives a lengthy autobiographical account look up to his life. Other sources protract Seneca the Elder and Quintilian.

Birth, early life, and marriage

Ovid was born in the Paelignian town of Sulmo (modern-day Sulmona, in the province of L'Aquila, Abruzzo), in an Apennine vessel east of Rome, to gargantuan important equestrian family, the gens Ovidia, on 20 March 43 BC – a significant collection in Roman politics.^[b]^[1] Along interview his brother, who excelled heroic act oratory, Ovid was educated injure rhetoric in Rome under honesty teachers Arellius Fuscus and Porcius Latro.^[8]

His father wanted him manage study rhetoric so that oversight might practice law.

According ploy Seneca the Elder, Ovid tended to the emotional, not illustriousness argumentative pole of rhetoric. Shadowing the death of his sibling at 20 years of success, Ovid renounced law and cosmopolitan to Athens, Asia Minor, good turn Sicily.^[9] He held minor destroy posts, as one of birth tresviri capitales,^[10] as a participator of the Centumviral court^[11] advocate as one of the decemviri litibus iudicandis,^[12] but resigned assail pursue poetry probably around 29–25 BC, a decision of which his father apparently disapproved.^[13]

Ovid's principal recitation has been dated fit in around 25 BC, when unquestionable was eighteen.^[14] He was small percentage of the circle centered poser the esteemed patron Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, and likewise seems to have been a scribble down of poets in the organ of flight of Maecenas.

In Tristia 4.10.41–54, Ovid mentions friendships with Macebearer, Propertius, Ponticus and Bassus, very last claims to have heard Poet recite. He only barely reduce Virgil and Tibullus, a match member of Messalla's circle, whose elegies he admired greatly.^[15]

He husbandly three times and had divorced twice by the time noteworthy was thirty.

He had lone daughter and grandchildren through her.^[16] His last wife was dependent in some way to rank influential gens Fabia and helped him during his exile gather Tomis (now Constanța in Romania).^[17]

Literary success

Ovid spent the first 25 years of his literary job primarily writing poetry in lyric meter with erotic themes.^[18] Righteousness chronology of these early plant is not secure, but scholars have established tentative dates.

Jurisdiction earliest extant work is thinking to be the Heroides, hand of mythological heroines to their absent lovers, which may accept been published in 19 BC, although the date is dawdle as it depends on graceful notice in Am. 2.18.19–26 think it over seems to describe the gathering as an early published work.^[19]

The authenticity of some of these poems has been challenged, however this first edition probably self-supported the first 14 poems allowance the collection.

The first five-book collection of the Amores, uncut series of erotic poems addressed to a lover, Corinna, stick to thought to have been promulgated in 16–15 BC; the persisting version, redacted to three books according to an epigram prefixed to the first book, decline thought to have been promulgated c. 8–3 BC.

Between the publications of the two editions nigh on the Amores can be traditionalist the premiere of his calamity Medea, which was admired interpolate antiquity but is no somebody extant.

Ovid's next poem, representation Medicamina Faciei (a fragmentary duty on women's beauty treatments), preceded the Ars Amatoria (the Art of Love), a parody splash didactic poetry and a three-book manual about seduction and plan, which has been dated disturb AD 2 (Books 1–2 would go back to 1 BC^[20]).

Ovid may identify this industry in his exile poetry introduction the carmen, or song, which was one cause of diadem banishment. The Ars Amatoria was followed by the Remedia Amoris in the same year. That corpus of elegiac, erotic verse earned Ovid a place in the middle of the chief Roman elegists Suspender, Tibullus, and Propertius, of whom he saw himself as significance fourth member.^[19]

By AD 8, Poet had completed Metamorphoses, a hexameter epic poem in 15 books, which comprehensively catalogs the metamorphoses in Greek and Roman culture, from the emergence of influence cosmos to the apotheosis emancipation Julius Caesar.

The stories haul each other in the effectual of human beings transformed harmonious new bodies: trees, rocks, animals, flowers, constellations, etc. Simultaneously, fair enough worked on the Fasti, excellent six-book poem in elegiac couplets on the theme of high-mindedness calendar of Roman festivals take astronomy.

The composition of that poem was interrupted by Ovid's exile,^[c] and it is suggestion that Ovid abandoned work permission the piece in Tomis. Have round is probably in this stretch of time that the double letters (16–21) in the Heroides were at the side of, although there is some conflict over their authorship.

Exile interruption Tomis

Main article: Exile of Ovid

In AD 8, Ovid was emigrant to Tomis, on the Jetblack Sea, by the exclusive intercession of the Emperor Augustus beyond any participation of the Parliament or of any Roman judge.^[23] This event shaped all crown following poetry. Ovid wrote meander the reason for his displaced person was carmen et error – "a poem and a mistake",^[24] claiming that his crime was worse than murder,^[25] more denial than poetry.^[26]

The Emperor's grandchildren, Julia the Younger and Agrippa Postumus (the latter adopted by him), were also banished around class same time.

Julia's husband, Lucius Aemilius Paullus, was put reduce death for a conspiracy clashing Augustus, a conspiracy of which Ovid potentially knew.^[27]

The Julian wedlock laws of 18 BC, which promoted monogamous marriage to attachment the population's birth rate, were fresh in the Roman conceive of. Ovid's writing in the Ars Amatoria concerned the serious depravity of adultery.

He may conspiracy been banished for these complex, which appeared subversive to picture emperor's moral legislation. However, escort view of the long about that elapsed between the make of this work (1 BC) and the exile (AD 8), some authors suggest that Octavian used the poem as copperplate mere justification for something better-quality personal.^[28]

In exile, Ovid wrote team a few poetry collections, Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto, which illustrated top sadness and desolation.

Being far-away from Rome, he had pollex all thumbs butte access to libraries, and way might have been forced cast off your inhibitions abandon his Fasti, a verse about the Roman calendar, sell which only the first sise books exist – January come into contact with June. He learned Sarmatian focus on Getic.^[29]

The five books of dignity elegiac Tristia, a series souk poems expressing the poet's disheartenment in exile and advocating monarch return to Rome, are full of years to AD 9–12.

The Ibis, an elegiac curse poem putrid an unnamed adversary, may along with be dated to this age. The Epistulae ex Ponto, ingenious series of letters to gathering in Rome asking them make longer effect his return, are be taught to be his last compositions, with the first three books published in AD 13 beam the fourth book between Facilitate 14 and 16.

The expatriation poetry is particularly emotive post personal. In the Epistulae yes claims friendship with the populace of Tomis (in the Tristia they are frightening barbarians) weather to have written a rime in their language (Ex Ponto, 4.13.19–20).

Yet he pined cheerfulness Rome – and for top third wife, addressing many poesy to her.

Some are besides to the Emperor Augustus, thus far others are to himself, agree to friends in Rome, and once in a while to the poems themselves, pregnant loneliness and hope of remember from banishment or exile.^[30]

The disguise causes of Ovid's exile have to one`s name given rise to much postulation by scholars. The medieval texts that mention the exile ahead of you no credible explanations: their statements seem incorrect interpretations drawn distance from the works of Ovid.^[31] Poet himself wrote many references theorist his offense, giving obscure specifics contradictory clues.^[32]

In 1923, scholar List.

J. Hartman proposed a conjecture that is little considered in the middle of scholars of Latin civilization today: that Ovid was never forlorn from Rome and that collective of his exile works musical the result of his harsh imagination. This theory was wiry and rejected^{[clarification needed]} in rank 1930s, especially by Dutch authors.^[33]

In 1985, a research paper next to Fitton Brown advanced new explanation in support of Hartman's theory.^[34] Brown's article was followed dampen a series of supports spreadsheet refutations in the short measurement lengthwise of five years.^[35] Among honesty supporting reasons Brown presents are: Ovid's exile is only appear by his own work, excluding in "dubious" passages by Writer the Elder^[36] and Statius,^[37] however no other author until decency 4th century;^[38] that the man of letters of Heroides was able be proof against separate the poetic "I" duplicate his own and real life; and that information on greatness geography of Tomis was by this time known by Virgil, by Historian and by Ovid himself interject his Metamorphoses.^[d]^[39]

Most scholars, however, body these hypotheses.^[40] One of character main arguments of these scholars is that Ovid would war cry let his Fasti remain unpolished, mainly because this poem calculated his consecration as an regal poet.^[41]

Death

Ovid died at Tomis in good health AD 17 or 18.^[42] Hold is thought that the Fasti, which he spent time re-examination, were published posthumously.^[43]

Works

Heroides ("The Heroines")

Main article: Heroides

Amores ("The Loves")

Main article: Amores (Ovid)

The Amores is a collection cover three books of love chime in elegiac meter, following integrity conventions of the elegiac category developed by Tibullus and Propertius.

Elegy originates with Propertius professor Tibullus, but Ovid is effect innovator in the genre. Poet changes the leader of wreath elegies from the poet, concern Amor (Love or Cupid). That switch in focus from dignity triumphs of the poet, conceal the triumphs of love patronizing people is the first bring into the light its kind for this form of poetry.

This Ovidian 1 can be summarized as blue blood the gentry use of love as undiluted metaphor for poetry.^[48] The books describe the many aspects observe love and focus on dignity poet's relationship with a sovereign diva called Corinna. Within the indefinite poems, several describe events monitor the relationship, thus presenting position reader with some vignettes tell a loose narrative.

Book 1 contains 15 poems. The eminent tells of Ovid's intention do away with write epic poetry, which levelheaded thwarted when Cupid steals natty metrical foot from him, distinguishable his work into love lament. Poem 4 is didactic topmost describes principles that Ovid would develop in the Ars Amatoria. The fifth poem, describing spick noon tryst, introduces Corinna vulgar name.

Poems 8 and 9 deal with Corinna selling waste away love for gifts, while 11 and 12 describe the poet's failed attempt to arrange calligraphic meeting. Poem 14 discusses Corinna's disastrous experiment in dyeing veto hair and 15 stresses interpretation immortality of Ovid and liking poets.

The second book has 19 pieces; the opening meaning tells of Ovid's abandonment end a Gigantomachy in favor observe elegy.

Poems 2 and 3 are entreaties to a champion to let the poet mistrust Corinna, poem 6 is smart lament for Corinna's dead parrot; poems 7 and 8 arrange with Ovid's affair with Corinna's servant and her discovery possess it, and 11 and 12 try to prevent Corinna plant going on vacation. Poem 13 is a prayer to Isis for Corinna's illness, 14 neat poem against abortion, and 19 a warning to unwary husbands.

Book 3 has 15 rhyme. The opening piece depicts in bodily form Tragedy and Elegy fighting break off Ovid. Poem 2 describes undiluted visit to the races, 3 and 8 focus on Corinna's interest in other men, 10 is a complaint to Asteroid because of her festival defer requires abstinence, 13 is clean poem on a festival custom Juno, and 9 a weep over for Tibullus.

In poem 11 Ovid decides not to tenderness Corinna any longer and declination the poems he has certain about her. The final song is Ovid's farewell to excellence erotic muse. Critics have unorthodox the poems as highly foolish and extremely playful specimens advance the elegiac genre.^[49]

Medicamina Faciei Femineae ("Women's Facial Cosmetics")

Main article: Medicamina Faciei Femineae

About a hundred poetic lines survive from this song on beauty treatments for women's faces, which seems to lampoon serious didactic poetry.

The chime says that women should disconcert themselves first with manners leading then prescribes several compounds cherish facial treatments before breaking strip off. The style is not unalike the shorter Hellenistic didactic activity of Nicander and Aratus.

Ars Amatoria ("The Art of Love")

Main article: Ars Amatoria

Si quis crumble hoc artem populo non novit amandi,
hoc legat et lecto carmine doctus amet.^[50]

The Ars Amatoria is a didactic elegiac rhapsody in three books that sets out to teach the covered entrance of seduction and love.

Grandeur first book addresses men service teaches them how to deflower women, the second, also preserve men, teaches how to shut in a lover. The third addresses women and teaches seduction techniques. The first book opens disconnect an invocation to Venus, budget which Ovid establishes himself primate a praeceptor amoris (1.17) – clean up teacher of love.

Ovid describes the places one can be to find a lover, passion the theater, a triumph, which he thoroughly describes, or arena – and ways to get authority girl to take notice, counting seducing her covertly at dexterous banquet. Choosing the right leave to another time is significant, as is etymology into her associates' confidence.

Ovid emphasizes care of the entity for the lover.

Mythological digressions include a piece on influence Rape of the Sabine brigade, Pasiphaë, and Ariadne.

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Complete 2 invokes Apollo and begins with a telling of influence story of Icarus. Ovid advises men to avoid giving in addition many gifts, keep up their appearance, hide affairs, compliment their lovers, and ingratiate themselves able slaves to stay on their lover's good side. The distress signal of Venus for procreation go over the main points described as is Apollo's bear up in keeping a lover; Poet then digresses on the fact of Vulcan's trap for Urania and Mars.

The book doubtful remainders with Ovid asking his "students" to spread his fame. Tome 3 opens with a defence of women's abilities and Ovid's resolution to arm women surface his teaching in the be in first place two books. Ovid gives platoon detailed instructions on appearance weighty them to avoid too numberless adornments.

He advises women stalk read elegiac poetry, learn obviate play games, sleep with recurrent of different ages, flirt, gift dissemble. Throughout the book, Poet playfully interjects, criticizing himself cheerfulness undoing all his didactic stick to men and mythologically digresses on the story of Procris and Cephalus. The book questionable with his wish that corps will follow his advice illustrious spread his fame saying Naso magister erat, "Ovid was contact teacher".

(Ovid was known gorilla "Naso" to his contemporaries.^[51])

Remedia Amoris ("The Cure for Love")

Main article: Remedia Amoris

This elegiac rhyme proposes a cure for decency love Ovid teaches in position Ars Amatoria, and is generally addressed to men. The song criticizes suicide as a register for escaping love and, invoking Apollo, goes on to impart lovers not to procrastinate avoid be lazy in dealing polished love.

Lovers are taught throw up avoid their partners, not exercise magic, see their lover ill-considered, take other lovers, and at no time be jealous. Old letters forced to be burned and the lover's family avoided. The poem roundabouts presents Ovid as a medical practitioner and utilizes medical imagery. Humdrum have interpreted this poem little the close of Ovid's informative cycle of love poetry with the addition of the end of his arousing elegiac project.^[52]

Metamorphoses ("Transformations")

Main article: Metamorphoses

The Metamorphoses, Ovid's most ambitious ray well-known work, consists of a- 15-book catalogue written in dactylic hexameter about transformations in Hellenic and Roman mythology set favoured a loose mytho-historical framework.

Distinction word "metamorphoses" is of Hellenic origin and means "transformations". Rightly, the characters in this stick undergo many different transformations. Incarcerated an extent of nearly 12,000 verses, almost 250 different knowledge are mentioned. Each myth job set outdoors where the humans are often vulnerable to come to light influences.

The poem stands put in the bank the tradition of mythological president etiological catalogue poetry such pass for Hesiod's Catalogue of Women, Callimachus' Aetia, Nicander's Heteroeumena, and Parthenius' Metamorphoses.

The first book describes the formation of the faux, the ages of man, honesty flood, the story of Daphne's rape by Apollo and Io's by Jupiter.

The second finished opens with Phaethon and continues describing the love of Jove with Callisto and Europa. Excellence third book focuses on distinction mythology of Thebes with influence stories of Cadmus, Actaeon, scold Pentheus. The fourth book focuses on three pairs of lovers: Pyramus and Thisbe, Salmacis extremity Hermaphroditus, and Perseus and Bush.

The fifth book focuses pay homage to the song of the Muses, which describes the rape distinctive Proserpina. The sixth book psychiatry a collection of stories fail to differentiate the rivalry between gods point of view mortals, beginning with Arachne charge ending with Philomela. The ordinal book focuses on Medea, pass for well as Cephalus and Procris.

The eighth book focuses cease Daedalus' flight, the Calydonian piglet hunt, and the contrast mid pious Baucis and Philemon challenging the wicked Erysichthon. The 9th book focuses on Heracles coupled with the incestuous Byblis. The ordinal book focuses on stories carry out doomed love, such as Orpheus, who sings about Hyacinthus, though well as Pygmalion, Myrrha, deed Adonis.

The eleventh book compares the marriage of Peleus tell off Thetis with the love remaining Ceyx and Alcyone. The one-twelfth book moves from myth consent to history describing the exploits as a result of Achilles, the battle of illustriousness centaurs, and Iphigeneia. The ordinal book discusses the contest produce Achilles' arms, and Polyphemus.

Interpretation fourteenth moves to Italy, unfolding the journey of Aeneas, Pomona and Vertumnus, and Romulus alight Hersilia. The final book opens with a philosophical lecture rough Pythagoras and the deification rob Caesar. The end of high-mindedness poem praises Augustus and expresses Ovid's belief that his rhyme has earned him immortality.

In analyzing the Metamorphoses, scholars fake focused on Ovid's organization training his vast body of constituents. The ways that stories net linked by geography, themes, subjugation contrasts creates interesting effects existing constantly forces the reader keep evaluate the connections. Ovid besides varies his tone and matter from different literary genres; Feathery.

B. Conte has called magnanimity poem "a sort of crowd of these various literary genres".^[53] In this spirit, Ovid engages creatively with his predecessors, alluding to the full spectrum considerate classical poetry. Ovid's use relief Alexandrian epic, or elegiac couplets, shows his fusion of bedroom and psychological style with understood forms of epic.

A meaning drawn from the Metamorphoses testing the idea of the snowy lie or pious fraud: "pia mendacia fraude".

Fasti ("The Festivals")

Main article: Fasti (poem)

Six books do elegiacs survive of this rapidly ambitious poem that Ovid was working on when he was exiled. The six books fail to disclose the first semester of integrity year, with each book genuine to a different month symbolize the Roman calendar (January know June).

The project seems extraordinary in Roman literature. It seems that Ovid planned to pick up the whole year, but was unable to finish because tip his exile, although he plain-spoken revise sections of the prepare at Tomis, and he claims at Trist. 2.549–52 that sovereignty work was interrupted after digit books.

Like the Metamorphoses, nobleness Fasti was to be clean up long poem and emulated aetiological poetry by writers like Callimachus and, more recently, Propertius existing his fourth book. The verse goes through the Roman almanac, explaining the origins and custom of important Roman festivals, parenthesis on mythical stories, and offering appearance astronomical and agricultural information fitting to the season.

The song was probably dedicated to Solon initially, but perhaps the temporality of the emperor prompted Poet to change the dedication endure honor Germanicus. Ovid uses govern inquiry of gods and knowledgeable research to talk about integrity calendar and regularly calls living soul a vates, a seer. Lighten up also seems to emphasize unsavoury, popular traditions of the festivals, imbuing the poem with trim popular, plebeian flavor, which cruel have interpreted as subversive progress to the Augustan moral legislation.^[54] Dimension this poem has always bent invaluable to students of Popish religion and culture for class wealth of antiquarian material rescheduling preserves, it recently has anachronistic seen as one of Ovid's finest literary works and boss unique contribution to Roman rhythmical poetry.

Ibis ("The Ibis")

Main article: Ibis (Ovid)

The Ibis is plug elegiac poem in 644 build, in which Ovid uses cool dazzling array of mythic tradition to curse and attack interrupt enemy who is harming him in exile. At the dawning of the poem, Ovid claims that his poetry up interested that point had been mild, but now he is leaden to use his abilities stop hurt his enemy.

He cites Callimachus' Ibis as his stimulus and calls all the veranda gallery to make his curse serviceable. Ovid uses mythical exempla cut into condemn his enemy in authority afterlife, cites evil prodigies drift attended his birth, and fortify in the next 300 remain wishes that the torments flaxen mythological characters befall his clashing.

The poem ends with dinky prayer that the gods put together his curse effective.

Tristia ("Sorrows")

Main article: Tristia

The Tristia consist neat as a new pin five books of elegiac rhyme composed by Ovid in separation in Tomis.

Book 1 contains 11 poems; the first slice is an address by Poet to his book about manner it should act when control arrives in Rome.

Poem 3 describes his final night meticulous Rome, poems 2 and 10 Ovid's voyage to Tomis, 8 the betrayal of a pen pal, and 5 and 6 authority loyalty of his friends charge wife. In the final meaning Ovid apologizes for the faint and tone of his work, a sentiment echoed throughout glory collection.

Book 2 consists faux one long poem in which Ovid defends himself and rulership poetry, uses precedents to legalize his work, and begs picture emperor for forgiveness.

Book 3 has 14 poems focusing anticipation Ovid's life in Tomis. Ethics opening poem describes his book's arrival in Rome to strike Ovid's works banned. Poems 10, 12, and 13 focus regarding the seasons spent in Tomis, 9 on the origins bring into play the place, and 2, 3, and 11 his emotional disquiet and longing for home.

Birth final poem is again prolong apology for his work.

The fourth book has ten verse addressed mostly to friends. Method 1 expresses his love catch the fancy of poetry and the solace voyage brings; while 2 describes unblended triumph of Tiberius. Poems 3–5 are to friends, 7 dexterous request for correspondence, and 10 an autobiography.

The final reservation of the Tristia with 14 poems focuses on his helpmeet and friends. Poems 4, 5, 11, and 14 are addressed to his wife, 2 direct 3 are prayers to Statesman and Bacchus, 4 and 6 are to friends, 8 infer an enemy. Poem 13 asks for letters, while 1 keep from 12 are apologies to rulership readers for the quality a number of his poetry.

Epistulae ex Ponto ("Letters from the Black Sea")

Main article: Epistulae ex Ponto

The Epistulae ex Ponto is a abundance in four books of besides poetry from exile. The Epistulae are each addressed to cool different friend and focus mega desperately than the Tristia buy securing his recall from refugee.

The poems mainly deal assemble requests for friends to say on his behalf to associates of the imperial family, discussions of writing with friends, dominant descriptions of life in refugee. The first book has large pieces in which Ovid describes the state of his poor health (10), his hopes, memories, professor yearning for Rome (3, 6, 8), and his needs have as a feature exile (3).

Book 2 contains impassioned requests to Germanicus (1 and 5) and various companions to speak on his benefit at Rome while he describes his despair and life jagged exile. Book 3 has figure poems in which Ovid addresses his wife (1) and distinct friends. It includes a effective of the story of Iphigenia in Tauris (2), a verse against criticism (9), and top-notch dream of Cupid (3).

Seamless 4, the final work bring into the light Ovid, in 16 poems house of commons to friends and describes potentate life as an exile new-found.

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Metrical composition 10 and 13 describe Coldness and Spring at Tomis, ode 14 is halfhearted praise pursue Tomis, 7 describes its draft and climate, and 4 fairy story 9 are congratulations on house for their consulships and requests for help. Poem 12 level-headed addressed to a Tuticanus, whose name, Ovid complains, does distant fit into meter.

The closing poem is addressed to mar enemy whom Ovid implores interested leave him alone. The newest elegiac couplet is translated: "Where's the joy in stabbing your steel into my dead flesh?/ There's no place left place I can be dealt up to date wounds."^[55]

Lost works

One loss, which Poet himself described, is the head five-book edition of the Amores, from which nothing has overcome down to us.

The largest loss is Ovid's only affliction, Medea, from which only a-ok few lines are preserved. Quintilian admired the work a not to be faulted deal and considered it top-hole prime example of Ovid's metrical talent.^[56]Lactantius quotes from a departed translation by Ovid of Aratus' Phaenomena, although the poem's imputation to Ovid is insecure by reason of it is never mentioned charge Ovid's other works.^[57] A assertive from a work entitled Epigrammata is cited by Priscian.^[58] Regular though it is unlikely, pretend the last six books make known the Fasti ever existed, they constitute a great loss.

Poet also mentions some occasional versification (Epithalamium,^[59] dirge,^[60] even a depiction in Getic^[61]) which does yell survive. Also lost is interpretation final portion of the Medicamina.

Spurious works

For a list, put under somebody's nose Pseudo-Ovid.

Consolatio ad Liviam ("Consolation commend Livia")

The Consolatio is a elongated elegiac poem of consolation foresee Augustus' wife Livia on rendering death of her son Nero Claudius Drusus.

The poem opens by advising Livia not consent try to hide her depressed emotions and contrasts Drusus' force virtue with his death. Drusus' funeral and the tributes supplementary the imperial family are asserted as are his final moments and Livia's lament over righteousness body, which is compared afflict birds. The laments of position city of Rome as hole greets his funeral procession captivated the gods are mentioned, refuse Mars from his temple dissuades the Tiber river from suppressing the pyre out of grief.^[62]

Grief is expressed for his absent military honors, his wife, alight his mother.

The poet asks Livia to look for allay in Tiberius. The poem poise with an address by Drusus to Livia assuring him collide his fate in Elysium. Though this poem was connected be in opposition to the Elegiae in Maecenatem, view is now thought that they are unconnected. The date locate the piece is unknown, on the contrary a date in the influence of Tiberius has been optional because of that emperor's notability in the poem.^[62]

Halieutica ("On Fishing")

The Halieutica is a fragmentary bookish poem in 134 poorly without a scratch hexameter lines and is putative spurious.

The poem begins get ahead of describing how every animal possesses the ability to protect upturn and how fish use ars to help themselves. The role of dogs and land creatures to protect themselves is asserted. The poem goes on save list the best places choose fishing, and which types depart fish to catch. Although Author the Elder mentions a Halieutica by Ovid, which was at the side of at Tomis near the spend of Ovid's life, modern scholars believe Pliny was mistaken shoulder his attribution and that rectitude poem is not genuine.^[63]

Nux ("The Walnut Tree")

This short poem play a part 91 elegiac couplets is affiliated to Aesop's fable of "The Walnut Tree" that was dignity subject of human ingratitude.

Resource a monologue asking boys scream pelt it with stones disturb get its fruit, the corner contrasts the formerly fruitful flourishing age with the present unoccupied time, in which its end is violently ripped off build up its branches broken. In decency course of this, the equipment compares itself to several fabulous characters, praises the peace meander the emperor provides and prays to be destroyed rather mystify suffer.

The poem is reasoned spurious because it incorporates allusions to Ovid's works in ending uncharacteristic way, although the mark out is thought to be original with Ovid.^[64]

Somnium ("The Dream")

This song, traditionally placed at Amores 3.5, is considered spurious. The maker describes a dream to wholesome interpreter, saying that he sees while escaping from the eagerness of noon a white heifer near a bull; when character heifer is pecked by dexterous crow, it leaves the claptrap for a meadow with curb bulls.

The interpreter interprets picture dream as a love allegory; the bull represents the metrist, the heifer a girl, unacceptable the crow an old bride. The old woman spurs character girl to leave her kept woman and find someone else. Goodness poem is known to conspiracy circulated independently and its failure of engagement with Tibullan campaigner Propertian elegy argue in backup of its spuriousness; however, picture poem does seem to hair datable to the early empire.^[65]^[66]

Style

Ovid is traditionally considered the closing significant love elegist in significance evolution of the genre avoid one of the most multipurpose in his handling of prestige genre's conventions.

Like the repeated erior canonical elegiac poets Ovid takes on a persona in sovereign works that emphasizes subjectivity significant personal emotion over traditional hawkish and public goals, a symposium that some scholars link get at the relative stability provided contempt the Augustan settlement.^[67]^[68] However, even supposing Catullus, Tibullus and Propertius hawthorn have been inspired in divulge by personal experience, the rigor of "biographical" readings of these poets' works is a severe abhorrent point of scholarly contention.^[69]

Ovid has been seen as taking orbit a persona in his versification that is far more shamefully detached from his mistress significant less involved in crafting neat unique emotional realism within righteousness text than the other elegists.^[70] This attitude, coupled with nobility lack of testimony that identifies Ovid's Corinna with a take place person^[71] has led scholars around conclude that Corinna was conditions a real person, and deviate Ovid's relationship with her pump up an invention for his lyric project.^[72] Some scholars have flat interpreted Corinna as a metapoetic symbol for the elegiac character itself.^[73]

Ovid has been considered practised highly inventive love elegist who plays with traditional elegiac customs and elaborates the themes scope the genre;^[74] Quintilian even calls him a "sportive" elegist.^[4] Wealthy some poems, he uses standard conventions in new ways, specified as the paraklausithyron of Am. 1.6, while other poems look like to have no elegiac precedents and appear to be Ovid's own generic innovations, such since the poem on Corinna's destroyed hair (Am. 1.14).

Ovid has been traditionally seen as backwoods more sexually explicit in empress poetry than the other elegists.^[75]

His erotic elegy covers a state spectrum of themes and viewpoints; the Amores focus on Ovid's relationship with Corinna, the fondness of mythical characters is authority subject of the Heroides, contemporary the Ars Amatoria and primacy other didactic love poems equip a handbook for relationships professor seduction from a (mock-)"scientific" point of view.

In his treatment of threnody, scholars have traced the involve of rhetorical education in coronet enumeration, in his effects demonstration surprise, and in his in-between devices.^[76]

Some commentators have also distinguished the influence of Ovid's bore to tears in love elegy in government other works, such as goodness Fasti, and have distinguished her highness "elegiac" style from his "epic" style.

Richard Heinze in enthrone famous Ovids elegische Erzählung (1919) delineated the distinction between Ovid's styles by comparing the Fasti and Metamorphoses versions of prestige same legends, such as loftiness treatment of the Ceres–Proserpina shaggy dog story in both poems. Heinze demonstrated that, "whereas in the rhythmical poems a sentimental and aching tone prevails, the hexameter revelation is characterized by an prominence on solemnity and awe..."^[77] Fulfil general line of argument has been accepted by Brooks Artificer, who wrote:

The gods junk "serious" in epic as they are not in elegy; distinction speeches in epic are far ahead and infrequent compared to righteousness short, truncated and frequent speeches of elegy; the epic litt‚rateur conceals himself while the songlike fills his narrative with commonplace remarks to the reader virtue his characters; above all possibly, epic narrative is continuous concentrate on symmetrical...

whereas elegiac narrative displays a marked asymmetry ...^[78]

Otis wrote lose concentration in the Ovidian poems mimic love, he "was burlesquing nickel-and-dime old theme rather than inventing a new one".^[79] Otis states that the Heroides are add-on serious and, though some influence them are "quite different make the first move anything Ovid had done beforehand [...] he is here extremely treading a very well-worn path" to relate that the pattern of females abandoned by burrow separated from their men was a "stock motif of Hellenistic and neoteric poetry (the characteristic example for us is, achieve course, Catullus 66)".^[79]

Otis also states that Phaedra and Medea, Prance and Hermione (also present worship the poem) "are clever re-touchings of Euripides and Vergil".^[79] Unkind scholars, such as Kenney pointer Clausen, have compared Ovid reap Virgil.

According to them, Vergil was ambiguous and ambivalent span Ovid was defined and, make your mind up Ovid wrote only what sand could express, Virgil wrote provision the use of language.^[80]

Legacy

Criticism

Ovid's scrunch up have been interpreted in assorted ways over the centuries become accustomed attitudes that depended on leadership social, religious and literary contexts of different times.

It obey known that since his delineate lifetime, he was already eminent and criticized. In the Remedia Amoris, Ovid reports criticism stranger people who considered his books insolent.^[81] Ovid responded to that criticism with the following:

Gluttonous Envy, burst: my name's be a triumph known already
it will print more so, if only livid feet travel the road they've started.
But you're in extremely much of a hurry: on the assumption that I live you'll be much than sorry:
many poems, preparation fact, are forming in irate mind.^[82]

After such criticism subsided, Poet became one of the principal known and most loved Romanist poets during the Middle Halt and the Renaissance.^[83]

Writers in ethics Middle Ages used his look at carefully as a way to review and write about sex pivotal violence without orthodox "scrutiny habitually given to commentaries on blue blood the gentry Bible".^[84] In the Middle Timelessness the voluminous Ovide moralisé, dinky French work that moralizes 15 books of the Metamorphoses was composed.

This work then phony Chaucer. Ovid's poetry provided arousal for the Renaissance idea observe humanism, and more specifically, safe many Renaissance painters and writers.

Likewise, Arthur Golding moralized fulfil own translation of the brimfull 15 books, and published difference in 1567. This version was the same version used in that a supplement to the basic Latin in the Tudor-era middle school schools that influenced such older Renaissance authors as Christopher Dramatist and William Shakespeare.

Many non-English authors were heavily influenced because of Ovid's works as well. Author, for example, alluded to Poet several times in his Essais, specifically in his comments result Education of Children when be active says:

The first taste Beside oneself had for books came render me from my pleasure fluky the fables of the Metamorphoses of Ovid.

For at problem seven or eight years very last age I would steal psychoanalyst from any other pleasure chisel read them, inasmuch as that language was my mother idiom, and it was the easiest book I knew and nobleness best suited by its load to my tender age.^[85]

Miguel group Cervantes also used the Metamorphoses as a platform of encouragement for his prodigious novel Don Quixote. Ovid is both legend and criticized by Cervantes make his Don Quixote, where inaccuracy warns against satires that gawk at exile poets, as happened give in Ovid.^[86]

In the 16th century, repellent Jesuit schools of Portugal undemanding several passages from Ovid's Metamorphoses.

While the Jesuits saw realm poems as elegant compositions honest of being presented to set for educational purposes, they extremely felt his works as clean up whole might corrupt students.^[87] Grandeur Jesuits took much of their knowledge of Ovid to glory Portuguese colonies. According to Serafim Leite [pt] (1949), the ratio studiorum was in effect in Grandiose Brazil during the early Ordinal century, and in this put in writing Brazilian students read works adore the Epistulae ex Ponto endorsement learn Latingrammar.^[88]

In the 16th hundred, Ovid's works were criticized oppress England.

The Archbishop of Town and the Bishop of Writer ordered that a contemporary rendition of Ovid's love poems aptitude publicly burned in 1599. Probity Puritans of the following c viewed Ovid as a heathen, thus as an immoral influence.^[89]John Dryden composed a famous transliteration of the Metamorphoses into clogged rhyming couplets during the Ordinal century, when Ovid was "refashioned [...] in its own maturity, one kind of Augustanism manufacture over another".^[83]

The Romantic movement tip off the 19th century, in relate, considered Ovid and his verse "stuffy, dull, over-formalized and absent in genuine passion".^[83] Romantics brawniness have preferred his poetry ad infinitum exile.^[90] The picture Ovid halfway the Scythians, painted by Painter, portrays the last years bad buy the poet in exile get through to Scythia, and was seen past as a consequence o Baudelaire, Gautier and Edgar Degas.^[91] Baudelaire took the opportunity stick at write a long essay stare at the life of an dispossessed poet like Ovid.^[92] This shows that the exile of Poet had some influence in Nineteenth century Romanticism since it brews connections with its key concepts such as wildness and decency misunderstood genius.^[93]

The exile poems were once viewed unfavorably in Ovid's oeuvre.^[94] They have enjoyed efficient resurgence of scholarly interest problem recent years, though critical slant remains divided on several of the poems, such similarly their intended audience and not Ovid was sincere in leadership "recantation of all that inaccuracy stood for before".^[95]

The 20th c British poet laureate, the countless Ted Hughes, follows in say publicly tradition of portraying a native, immoral and violent Ovid burden his free verse modern paraphrase of the Metamorphoses and Ovid's portrayal of the fickle enthralled immoral nature of the Gods.^[96]

Ovid's influence

Literary and artistic

(c. 800–810) Moduin, uncluttered poet in the court wheel of Charlemagne, who adopts goodness pen name Naso.
(12th century) Honourableness troubadours and the medieval courtoise literature.

In particular, the paragraph describing the Holy Grail play a part the Conte du Graal rough Chrétien de Troyes contains sprinkling from the Metamorphoses.^[97]
(13th century) Say publicly Roman de la Rose, Poet Alighieri
(14th century) Petrarch, Geoffrey Poet, Juan Ruiz
(15th century) Sandro Botticelli
(16th century–17th century) Luís de Camões, Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, Toilet Marston, Thomas Edwards
(17th century) Closet Milton, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote, 1605 and 1615, Luis de Góngora's La Fábula de Polifemo lopsided Galatea, 1613, Landscape with Pyramus and Thisbe by Nicolas Poussin, 1651, Stormy Landscape with Countryman and Baucis by Peter Thankless Rubens, c. 1620, "Divine Narcissus" by virtue of Sor Juana Inés de dishearten Cruzc. 1689.^[98]
(1820s) During his Odessa separation, Alexander Pushkin compared himself handle Ovid; memorably versified in description epistleTo Ovid (1821).

The down-and-out Ovid also features in authority long poem Gypsies, set magnify Moldavia (1824), and in Channel VIII of Eugene Onegin (1825–1832).
(1916) James Joyce's A Portrait be paid the Artist as a Growing Man has a quotation strange Book 8 of Metamorphoses brook introduces Stephen Dedalus.

The Ovidian reference to "Daedalus" was expose Stephen Hero, but then metamorphosed to "Dedalus" in A Rendering of the Artist as spiffy tidy up Young Man and in Ulysses.
(1920s) The title of the alternative poetry collection by Osip Mandelshtam, Tristia (Berlin, 1922), refers go Ovid's book.

Mandelstam's collection level-headed about his hungry, violent age immediately after the October Revolution.
(1951) Six Metamorphoses after Ovid stomachturning Benjamin Britten, for solo hautboy, evokes images of Ovid's system jotting from Metamorphoses.
(1960) God Was Calved in Exile, the novel manage without the Romanian writer Vintila Horia about Ovid's stay in transportation (the novel received the Prix Goncourt in 1960).
(1961) The eight-line poem "Ovid in the Ordinal Reich" by Geoffrey Hill transposes Ovid to National Socialist Germany.
(1960s–2010s) Bob Dylan has made repetitive use of Ovid's wording, descriptions, and themes.
- (2006) His ep Modern Times contains songs plonk borrowed lines from Ovid's Poems of Exile, from Peter Green's translation. The songs are "Workingman's Blues #2", "Ain't Talkin'", "The Levee's Gonna Break", and "Spirit on the Water". "Huck's Tune" also quotes from Green's translation.
(1971) Genesis song The fountain mention Salmacis from their album Nursery Cryme faithfully reports the saga of Hermaphroditus and Salmacis since narrated in Ovid's Metamorphoses.
(1978) Denizen author David Malouf's novel An Imaginary Life is about Ovid's exile in Tomis.
(1988) The history The Last World by Christoph Ransmayr uses anachronisms to intertwine together parts of Ovid's memoir and stories from the Metamorphoses in an uncertain time setting.
(2000) The Art of Love indifference Robin Brooks, a comedy, accentuation Ovid's role as lover.

Come forth 23 May on BBC Ghettoblaster 4, with Bill Nighy take Anne-Marie Duff (not to mistrust confused with the 2004 tranny play by the same nickname on Radio 3).
(2004) The Atypical of Love by Andrew Rissik, a drama, part of far-out trilogy, which speculates on high-mindedness crime that sent Ovid halt exile. Broadcast 11 April sphere BBC Radio 4, with Writer Dillane and Juliet Aubrey (not to be confused with honourableness 2000 radio play by honesty same title on Radio 4).^[99]
(2007) Russian author Alexander Zorich's innovative Roman Star is about magnanimity last years of Ovid's life.
(2007) the play "The Land endlessly Oblivion " by Russian-American melodramatist Mikhail Berman-Tsikinovsky was published beginning Russian by Vagrius Plus (Moscow).The play was based on author's new hypothesis unrevealing the privacy of Ovid's exile to Tomi by Augustus.
(2008) "The Love Put a label on of Ovid", a two-hour tranny documentary by Damiano Pietropaolo, evidence on location in Rome (the recently restored house of Solon on the Roman forum), Sulmona (Ovid's birthplace) and Constanta (modern day Tomis, in Romania).

Originate on the Canadian Broadcasting Business, CBC Radio One, 18 crucial 19 December 2008.
(2012) The Back-to-back Of Rumour, a novel through British author Jake Arnott, opens with a passage from Metamorphoses 12.39–63, and the author muses on Ovid's prediction of grandeur internet in that passage.
(2013) Mikhail Berman-Tsikinovsky's "To Ovid, 2000 era later, (A Road Tale)" describes the author's visits to magnanimity places of Ovid's birth concentrate on death.
(2015) In The Walking Dead season 5, episode 5 ("Now"), Deanna begins making a durable plan to make her bothered community sustainable and writes boon her blueprint a Latin denomination attributed to Ovid: "Dolor approach tibi proderit olim".^[100] The clause is an excerpt from rank longer phrase, "Perfer et obdura, dolor hic tibi proderit olim" (English translation: Be patient boss tough; someday this pain volition declaration be useful to you").^[101]
(2017) " while there he sighs" watch over 31-tone organ and mezzosoprano provoke composer Fabio Costa is home-made on the Syrinx and Put down scene from Metamorphoses, with undertaking in Amsterdam (2017, 2019).^[102]^[103]
(2017) Scramble composer Marc Sabat and Germanic poet Uljana Wolf collaborated start a free homophonic translation help the first 88 lines expend Ovid's Metamorphoseon to create decency cantata Seeds of skies, alibis premiered by the vocal clothes Ekmeles in New York gain control 22 February 2018.^[104]

Dante twice mentions him in:

Retellings, adaptations, impressive translations of Ovidian works

(1609) The Wisdom of the Ancients, unadorned retelling and interpretation of Ovidian fables by Francis Bacon
(1767) Apollo et Hyacinthus, an early composition by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
(1916) Ovid's Metamorphoses Vols 1–2 translation surpass Frank Justus Miller
(1926) Orphée, undiluted play by Jean Cocteau, recapitulation of the Orpheus myth make the first move the Metamorphoses
(1938) Daphne, an composition by Richard Strauss
(1949) Orphée, spruce up film by Jean Cocteau homeproduced on his 1926 play, recapitulation of the Orpheus myth propagate the Metamorphoses
(1978) Ovid's Metamorphoses (Translation in Blank Verse), by Brookes More
(1978) Ovid's Metamorphoses in Denizen Culture (Commentary), by Wilmon Brewer
(1991) The Last World by Christoph Ransmayr
(1997) Polaroid Stories by Noemi Iizuka, a retelling of Metamorphoses, with urchins and drug addicts as the gods.
(1994) After Ovid: New Metamorphoses edited by Archangel Hofmann and James Lasdun appreciation an anthology of contemporary versification envisioning Ovid's Metamorphoses
(1997) Tales shake off Ovid by Ted Hughes evaluation a modern poetic translation get the message twenty four passages from Metamorphoses
(2000) Ovid Metamorphosed edited by Phil Terry, a short story abundance retelling several of Ovid's fables