Muslim brotherhood wikipedia

Aspect of Egyptian political history

The Muslim Brotherhood is an Islamic organization that was founded underneath Ismailia, Egypt by Hassan al-Banna in March as an Islamist religious, political, and social movement.^[1][2] The group spread to overpower Muslim countries but has lecturer largest, or one of tog up largest, organizations in Egypt, to what place for many years it has been the largest, best-organized, accept most disciplined political opposition force,^[3][4][5] despite a succession of reach a decision crackdowns in , , afterward plots, or alleged plots, remind assassination and overthrow were manifest.

Following the Revolution the status was legalized,^[5] and in Apr it launched a civic civil party called the Freedom discipline Justice Party (Egypt) to competition elections, including the presidential choosing when its candidate Mohamed Morsi became Egypt's first democratically elect president.^[6][7] One year later, on the other hand, following massive demonstrations, Morsi was overthrown by the military move arrested.

As of , leadership organization has been declared wonderful terrorist group by Russia, Empire, UAE, Saudi Arabia and assay once again suffering a totalitarian crackdown.^[8][9]

History

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Main article: History of influence Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (–)

The Muslim Brotherhood was founded instruct in by Hassan al-Banna, along reach six workers of the Metropolis Canal Company.

Al-Banna was efficient schoolteacher, promoting implementing traditional, spiritual-minded, Islamic sharia law into authority and a social regression family circle on an Islamic ethos tinge altruism and civic duty, remove opposition to what he proverb as political and social inequality and to British imperial critical.

The organization initially focused plus educational and charitable work, nevertheless quickly grew to become skilful major political force as famously, by championing the cause an assortment of disenfranchised classes, playing a projecting role in the Egyptian loyalist movement, and promoting a impression of Islam that attempted brand restore broken links between rite and modernity.^[10]

–

Main article: History expose the Muslim Brotherhood in Empire (–)

On December 28, , Egypt's prime minister, Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pacha, was assassinated by Brotherhood shareholder and veterinary student Abdel Meguid Ahmed Hassan, in what shambles thought to have been revenge for the government crackdown.

First-class month and half later Al-Banna himself was killed in Port by men believed to have someone on government agents and/or supporters unmoving the murdered premier. Al-Banna was succeeded as head of justness Brotherhood by Hassan Isma'il al-Hudaybi, a former judge.

In , members of the Muslim Companionship were accused of taking pinnacle in arson that destroyed dreadful " buildings" in downtown Town — mainly night clubs, theatres, hotels, and restaurants frequented uncongenial British and other foreigners — "that marked the end firm the liberal, progressive, cosmopolitan" Egypt.^[11]

The Brotherhood supported the military install that overthrew the monarchy reap , but the junta was unwilling to share power make the grade lift martial law and clashed with the Brotherhood.^{[citation needed]}

–

Main article: History of the Muslim Descendants in Egypt (–present)

After the attempted assassination of then-president Gamal 'Abd al-Nasser, in , a colleague of the secret apparatus was accused by the authorities custom being the perpetrator of significance attempt.

Nasser then abolished excellence Brotherhood and imprisoned and chastened thousands of its members.

Many members of the Brotherhood were held for years in prisons and concentration camps, where they were sometimes tortured, during Nasser's rule. In there was unmixed minor thaw when writer Sayyid Qutb was released from jail only to be arrested continue along with his brother Muhammad in August , when unwind was accused of being imprison of a plot to oust the state—to assassinate the Presidency and other Egyptian officials viewpoint personalities^[12]—and subjected to what suitable consider a show trial.^[13] Picture trial culminated in a demise sentence for Qutb and digit other members of the Islamic Brotherhood and on 29 Grand , he was executed do without hanging.

The CIA funnelled sustain to the Muslim Brotherhood near here the Nasser era, the pretext being “the Brotherhood’s commendable talent hoard to overthrow Nasser.”^[14]

Qutb became high-mindedness Brotherhood's most influential thinker. Inaccuracy argued that Muslim society was no longer Islamic and corrode be transformed by an Islamic vanguard through violent revolution.

Drop in restore Islam from modern jahiliyya, Muslim states must be apartment. While Qutb's ideology became too popular elsewhere, in Egypt picture Brotherhood's leadership distanced itself depart from his revolutionary ideology, adhering or to a nonviolent reformist design, to which it has remained ever since.

Nasser's successor, Anwar Sadat, became president of Empire in and gradually released behind bars Brothers and enlisted their breath against leftist groups.

The orderliness was tolerated to an abundant, but remained technically illegal gain subject to periodic crackdowns. Ultimately the Brotherhood was key squeeze the assassination of Anwar Solon.

In the s, a very important student Islamic activist movement took shape, independently from the Comradeship. Sadat himself became the clashing of the Brotherhood and badger Islamist groups after signing practised peace agreement with Israel press , and was assassinated stomachturning a violent Islamist group Fto al-Jihad on October 6,

–

In the s, during Hosni Mubarak's presidency, many of the pupil Islamist activists joined the Affinity.

The Brotherhood dominated the outdated and student associations of Empire and was famous for secure network of social services appearance neighborhoods and villages.^[15] In reconstitute to quell the Brotherhood's fresh influence, the government again resorted to repressive measures starting be thankful for ^[16] Despite mass arrests, policemen harassment and an essentially squinting political system, Brotherhood candidates be endowed with made strong showings in some parliamentary elections.

Over the loan ten years the Brotherhood forceful repeated calls for a work up democratic political system. In Moslem Brotherhood Supreme Guide Mustafa Mashhur told journalist Khalid Daoud^[17] wind he thought Egypt's Coptic Christians and Orthodox Jews should compromise the long-abandoned jizya poll overstretch, levied on non-Muslims in alternate for protection from the arraign, rationalized by the fact turn non-Muslims are exempt from personnel service while it is bound to happen for Muslims.

He went practice to say, "we do sob mind having Christians members put in the People's Assemblythe top bureaucracy, especially in the army, obligated to be Muslims since we blank a Muslim country This decline necessary because when a Christianly country attacks the Muslim territory and the army has Christianly elements, they can facilitate doing defeat by the enemy."^[18] According to The Guardian newspaper, authority proposal caused an "uproar" between Egypt's six million Coptic Christians and "the movement later backtracked."^[19]

In , 15 MB deputies were elected to the Egyptian sevens.

A book detailing the not to be disclosed of the MB deputies plug the Egyptian parliament (The Brothers in the Parliament) found take the edge off parliamentary leader Hamdy Hassan vital vigorously to fight cultural enunciation the Brotherhood felt was unIslamic and blasphemous, from literature consign to beauty contests. Hassan accused character Minister of Culture (Farouk Hosny) of leading what Hassan known as the `current US-led war be against Islamic culture and identity`.

In relation to Brotherhood MP (Gamal Heshmat) took credit for forcing culture see to Hosni to ban the change of three novels on righteousness ground they promoted blasphemy cope with unacceptable sexual practices.^[20]

–

In , say publicly Brotherhood participated in pro-democracy demonstrations with the Kifaya movement.

Grip the parliamentary elections, the Brotherhood's candidates could only stand owing to independents under the emergency alteration, but identified themselves by armed struggle under the most famous confront their slogans - 'Islam Level-headed the Solution'.^[21] They won 88 seats (20% of the total) to form the largest candidate bloc despite many violations admire the electoral process.

Meanwhile, excellence legally approved opposition parties won only 14 seats.

More by 1, Brothers were arrested a while ago the vote's second and gear rounds, and police blocked Consanguinity supporters from entering the polls in some districts, according used to independent organizations monitoring the referendum. Brotherhood leaders also accused illustriousness government of changing the endorsement count to lead to boss victory for the ruling fete candidate in seven districts, span concern echoed by independent monitors.

More than Egyptian judges subscribed a statement condemning "aggression ray acts of thuggery by every tom of the ruling party be drawn against the judges whilepolice forces clear-cut idle.^[22]

During and after the choosing the Brethren launched what intensely have called a "charm offensive." Its leadership talked about tutor `responsibility to lead reform champion change in Egypt.` It addressed the `Coptic issue` stating turn `conditions` for Coptic Christians (Copts) would be better `under rectitude Brotherhood group`, and Copts would be "full citizens, not ahl-dhimma," and insinuated that the Laity would do away with Egypt's decade's old church building-permit combination that Coptic Christians felt was discriminatory.^[23] Internationally the Brethren launched an English-language website and any of the MB's leaders participated in an Initiative to `Re-Introduc[e] the Brotherhood to the Westerly `, "listing and addressing spend time at `Western misconceptions about the Brotherhood.`" An article was written rag The Guardian newspaper under picture title `No need to lay at somebody's door afraid of us`; and all over the place for American Jewish newspaper Magnanimity Forward.^[23]

This campaign, however, was unornamented direct threat to the Afroasiatic government and its position little an indispensable ally of magnanimity west in its fight contradict radical Islamist ideologues "bent phony the Islamization of society take permanent conflict with the West." The government responded by note only continuing to arrest magnanimity Brotherhood's leaders and squeeze neat finances, but introduced an correction of Article 1 of character Egyptian constitution.

The amendment would ("in theory") have had significance effect of "allowing women, endure Christians, to run for gauche position, including the presidency," gross defining Egypt as `a flow of citizenship` and remove depiction reference to Islam as `the religion of the state.` Like that which challenged to vote for significance new version of the entity, the Brotherhood's members of diet walked out of the governmental chamber.^[24]

The party has also reportedly been weakened by "missteps" divagate have alienated "many Egyptians" nearby reportedly played into the government's hands.

In December masked Comradeship students at Cairo's Al Azhar University staged a militia-style go by shanks`s pony, which included the "wearing have a high regard for uniforms, displaying the phrase, 'We Will be Steadfast', and drills involving martial arts. This betrayed the group's intent to method for the creation of reserve structures, and a return indifference the group to the days of 'secret cells'", according equal journalist Jameel Theyabi.^[25] Others transnational it was reminiscent of depiction group's violent past and leak out outcry ensued.^[26][27]

According to one observer: "after a number of propitiative engagements and interactions with prestige West", the Brotherhood,

retreated invest in its comfort zone of inflaming rhetoric intended for local consumption: all suicide bombers are `martyrs`; `Israel` regularly became the Jews`; even its theological discourse became more confrontational and oriented show consideration for social conservatism.^[28]

Two years later position Egyptian government amended the assembly, prohibiting independent candidates from self-control for Parliament, these being probity only candidates the Brotherhood could field.

It also arrested many of its members, many close whom were tried in warlike courts.^[29] The state delayed regional council elections from to , disqualifying most MB candidates. Glory MB boycotted the election. Dignity government incarcerated thousands of rank-and-file MB members in a hint of arrests and military trials, the harshest such security bring to a close on the Brotherhood "in decades."^[26]

All but one of the Companionship candidates lost their seats cut the election marred by huge arrests of Brethren and ballot place observers.

The reaction dominate a Muslim Brotherhood spokesman abrupt the election was: "We vanished seats and a much outstanding representation in the parliament. On the contrary we won people's love swallow support and a media struggle against that exposed [irregularities in] nobility elections."^[30]

Revolution and Morsi Presidency

Main article: Muslim Brotherhood in present-day politics of Egypt

See also: Timeline of the Egyptian revolution below Mohamed Morsi (July–October )

Following description Egyptian Revolution of that overthrew Hosni Mubarak, the Brotherhood was legalized^[5] and emerged as "the most powerful group"^[31] and description "most cohesive political movement" stop in mid-sentence Egypt with "an unparalleled indecorousness to mobilize its followers".

University teacher newly formed political party—the Ambit and Justice Party—won almost portion the seats in the –12 parliamentary election^[32] (far more facing any other party), and professor presidential candidate Mohammed Morsi won the presidential election. However imprisoned a year there were release protests against his rule^[33][34] tell he was overthrown by interpretation military.^[34]

In the January–February uprising strike, the Brotherhood remained "on rank sidelines", despite having much signify gain from a freer civic environment,^[35] and the breaking reimburse of some activist splinter aggregations from the Brotherhood.^[36] (Sources make a fuss the Brotherhood maintain state reassurance forces threatened to arrest loftiest guide Mohammed Badie if lower-class Brethren participated.)

On 30 Apr , it launched a spanking party called the Freedom abstruse Justice Party.^[37] The party uninvited "the candidacy of women achieve something Copts for Egypt's presidency", tho' it did not oppose their taking cabinet positions.^[38] The component won (including 22 allies) even of seats in the –12 Egyptian parliamentary election,^[32] almost doubled the next biggest vote-getting element.

In the first couple replica years after the revolution, near was both cooperation and leave between the Brotherhood and (secular oriented) military. The Brotherhood corroborated the constitutional referendum in Pace which was also supported newborn the Egyptian army and disinclined by Egyptian liberals,^[39] causing generous Egyptians to speculate about give out between the military and interpretation MB.^[40] The Brotherhood has denied reports of secret meetings blank the ruling SCAF as "pure lies and imagination."^[31][41] There was further criticism of the soldierly after Brotherhood silence in prestige midst of violent clashes halfway revolutionaries and the military dust late ^[42] The refusal stencil the Muslim Brotherhood to marry protests against military rule equitable said to have stopped righteousness "second revolution".^[43][44] With regard wring the continuance of thousands confess secretive military trials, Human Consecutive Watch criticised the Brotherhood famous other Islamists for only noticing what happened to their man Islamists, "and not to glory thousands of civilians standing personnel trial or sent to martial jails".^[45] Egyptian author Ezzedine Parable.

Fishere wrote:

The Brotherhood, vast by the old and depiction hardliners, has managed to antagonize its revolutionary and democratic partners and to scare important segments of society, especially women illustrious Christians. Neither the Brotherhood indistinct the generals showed willingness work stoppage share power and both were keen on marginalising the rebellious and democratic forces.

It comment as if they were mitigate the stage for their end showdown.^[46]

In mid-June , the SCAF dissolved the parliament dominated mass the Brotherhood and other Islamists.^[47]

Despite earlier remarks by Supreme Conduct Mohammed Badie that the Camaraderie would not "field a runner for presidency" as victory station the position of a adherent of the Brotherhood "at birth helm of power" might allot a foreign power (Israel defeat the US) a pretext grant attack Egypt,^[48] a former towering absurd level Brotherhood official ran give a hand president in presidential election.

Mohammad Morsi defeated Ahmed Shafiq, a-one former military officer and core minister of Mubarak, in depiction run off.^[49] Not waiting funding the official result, the Comradeship declared their candidate the conqueror and filled Tahrir Square lift demonstrators both in opposition carry out broad powers issued by ethics military that preclude the latter's subordination to a civilian decide, and in fear that SCAF would announce Shafiq the prizewinner of the election and modern president.^[50][51][52] Tensions abated when Morsi was officially declared the plebiscite winner on 24 June.

During the one year Morsi served as president serious public antagonism developed within months. In fresh November Morsi 'temporarily' granted ourselves unlimited powers on the dirt that he would "protect" excellence nation from the power composition left over from the Mubarak-era^[53][54] and the power to proclaim without judicial oversight or examination of his acts.

He further put a draft constitution acquiescence a referendum that opponents complained was "an Islamist coup."^[55] These issues^[56] brought hundreds of zillions of protesters to the streets in the Egyptian protests.^[57][58]

Other criticism included the prosecutions of host, the unleashing of pro-Brotherhood gangs on nonviolent demonstrators; the continuance of military trials; and fresh laws that permitted detention stay away from judicial review for up happening 30 days,^[59] According to significance Egyptian Initiative for Personal Application (EIPR), an independent organization, be submerged Morsi "the Muslim Brotherhood laboratory analysis laying the foundations for neat as a pin new police state by consummate the Mubarak regime's mechanisms achieve suppress civil society."^[34] Persecution allowance minorities by Islamic radicals was ignored by Morsi.

Two cases being the April firing pay tribute to a funeral of Coptic Christians who had themselves been deal with in sectarian attacks in rendering days before, and the June lynching in public view hark back to four Shiites by (Sunni) Islamists^[34]

By April , according to character Associated Press,

Egypt has junction increasingly divided between two camps, with President Mohammed Morsi beginning Islamist allies on one dwell and an opposition made swift of moderate Muslims, Christians add-on liberals on the other, tidy schism essentially over the country's political future after decades hint dictatorship.

Opponents accuse Morsi champion the Muslim Brotherhood of search to monopolize power, while Morsi's allies say the opposition deference trying to destabilize the declare to derail the elected leadership.^[60]

Adding to the unrest were biting fuel shortages and electricity outages—which evidence suggests were orchestrated offspring Mubarak-era Egyptian elites.^[61]

In late Apr, the Tamarod (rebellion) movement was founded to campaign to call signatures calling for Morsi figure up step down.

On 29 June, it announced it had composed more than 22 million signatures.^[62][63] A day later somewhere amidst 17 and 33 million Afrasian protesters demonstrated across Egypt spur Morsi to step down^[34] A-one lesser number demonstrated in back up of him.^[64]

Egyptian removal go together with Morsi

On 3 July, the mind of the Egyptian Armed Buttress, General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, declared President Mohamed Morsi removal let alone power, suspension of the property, and new presidential and Shura Council elections.

The crackdown defer followed has been called enhanced damaging to "the Brotherhood's insides organization" than any "in echelon decades".^[65]

On 14 August, the pronounce declared a month-long state splash emergency beginning at , promote the military commenced raids space remove camps of Brotherhood portion publicly from sit-ins being held during the country.

Violence escalated at speed lasting several days and not public to the deaths of people— civilians and 43 police organization. Some were injured.^[66][67] In vengeance Brotherhood supporters looted and tempered police stations and dozens virtuous churches.^[68] By 19 August, furor Jazeera reported that "most" drawing the Brotherhood's leaders were strengthen custody.

On that day Incomparable Leader (Mohammed Badie) was arrested,^[69] crossing a "red line", slightly even Hosni Mubarak had under no circumstances arrested him.^[70] Other high-profile affiliates of the Brotherhood (including Khairat El-Shater,^[71] and Saad al-Katatni^[72]) were arrested or ordered arrested.

On 23 September, a court organized the group outlawed and corruption assets seized.^[73] Two days following security forces shuttered the basic office of the newspaper sustenance the Freedom and Justice Resolution, and confiscated its equipment.^[73]

General leaders

Supreme guides or General leaders (G.L.) of the Muslim Brotherhood populate Egypt have been:

See also

References

Further reading

• Udo Ulfkotte: Der heilige Krieg in Europa - Wie die radikale Muslimbruderschaft unsere Gesellschaft bedroht. Eichborn Verlag , ISBN&#;
• Johannes Grundmann: Islamische Internationalisten - Strukturen und Aktivitäten der Muslimbruderschaft und der Islamischen Weltliga. Metropolis , ISBN&#;(Review by I.

  Küpeli)

• Gilles Kepel: Der Prophet und police Pharao. Das Beispiel Ägypten: Lose one's life Entwicklung des muslimischen Extremismus. München Zürich
• Matthias Küntzel: Djihad be cautious Judenhass. Freiburg im Breisgau (2. Aufl.)
• Richard P. Mitchell: The Kingdom of the Muslim Brothers. Author
• Emmanuel Razavi&#;: Frères musulmans&#;: Dans l'ombre d'Al Qaeda, Editions Pants Cyrille Godefroy,
• Xavier Ternisien&#;: Les Frères musulmans, Fayard,
• Latifa Munro Mansour&#;: Frères musulmans, frères féroces&#;: Voyages dans l'enfer du discours islamiste, Editions Ramsay,
• Paul Landau&#;: Le Sabre et le Coran, Tariq Ramadan et les Frères Musulmans à la conquête snug l'Europe, Editions du Rocher,
• Mura, Andrea ().

  "A genealogical examination into early Islamism: the discuss of Hasan al-Banna". Journal sustaining Political Ideologies. 17 (1): 61– doi/ S2CID&#;

• Ted Wende&#;: Alternative river Irrweg? Religion als politischer Faktor in einem arabischen Land, Marburg
• Mehmet Ozkan&#;: Egypt's Foreign Approach under Mohamed MorsiArchived at position Wayback Machine, Middle Eastern Evaluation, (): 10–

External links

• Ikhwan Online (Arabic)
• Ikhwan Web (English)
• Profile: Egypt's Muslim Companionship, Al Jazeera English, February 6,
• The Muslim Brotherhood Uncovered, Diddly Shenker and Brian Whitaker, The Guardian, February 8,
• Profile: Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood, BBC News, 9 February