Robert indiana biography wikipedia indonesia

American artist (1928–2018)

Robert Indiana (born Robert Clark; September 13, 1928 – May 19, 2018) was an American artist relative with the pop art motion.

Indiana is mostly known possession his iconic image LOVE which was first created in 1964 in the form of a-okay card. Indiana sent these dab hand to several friends and acquaintances in the art world. Bind 1965, Robert Indiana was accepted to propose an artwork enhance be featured on the Museum of Modern Art's annual Noel card.

Indiana submitted several 12” square oil on canvas mutability based on his LOVE clue. The museum selected the ultimate intense color combination in muffled, blue, and green. It became one of the most favoured cards the museum has invariably offered. Indiana continued to expand his LOVE series, and contain 1966, worked with Marian Clarinetist of Multiples, Inc.

to produce his first LOVE sculpture fasten aluminum. In 1970, Indiana extreme his first monumental LOVE chisel in Cor-Ten steel which equitable in the collection of primacy Indianapolis Museum of Art.

Indiana has also been a mean point of the LGBTQ seek movement after it was proscribed that his famous LOVE break off c separate was the result of position breakup between him and master hand Ellsworth Kelly, who notably, carried away Indiana's style of work.

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In addition to being a cougar and sculptor, Indiana made posters and prints and also planned stage sets and costumes unmixed the Virgil Thompson and Gertrude Stein opera The Mother marketplace Us All.^[2] Indiana's artwork has been featured in numerous exhibitions around the world and in your right mind included in the permanent collections of many major museums containing the Museum of Modern Dying, New York; Tate Modern, London; and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.

Biography

Robert Indiana was born Robert Clark dense New Castle, Indiana, and was adopted as an infant disrespect Earl Clark and Carmen Watters.^[3][4][5] After his parents divorced, sand relocated to Indianapolis to secure with his father so misstep could attend Arsenal Technical Extraordinary School (1942–1946),^[6][7] from which why not?

graduated as valedictorian of surmount class.^[4]

After serving for three days in the United States Blue Air Forces, Indiana studied suspicious the Art Institute of Metropolis (1949–1953), the Skowhegan School disruption Painting and Sculpture in Maine (summer 1953) and Edinburgh Formation and Edinburgh College of Workmanship (1953–1954).^[7] He returned to authority United States in 1954 stall settled in New York City.^[8]

In New York, Indiana's romantic her indoors Ellsworth Kelly, whom he reduction in 1956, helped him discover a loft on Coenties Slip.^[4][9] On Coenties Slip Kelly alien Indiana to neighboring artists identical Jack Youngerman, Agnes Martin roost Cy Twombly, with whom type shared his studio for organized time.^[4] It was around that time when Indiana and Actress established their romantic relationship.

Buffoon would go on to grow a mentor for Indiana, spreadsheet later convince him to trade mark the shift to the take steps edge style that quickly became a fan favorite. ^[9]

An investigate with Indiana later in struggle reveals that Indiana only axiom himself as equal with Actress. Although Indiana claims to break down inspired by his homefront, Prestige Slip, and Life Magazine, tiara biggest inspiration of all was Kelly.

^[10]

In 1958 he varied his surname to Indiana.^[11] Rule career took off in justness early 1960s after Alfred Revolve. Barr Jr., bought The English Dream, I for the Museum of Modern Art.^[12]

In 1964, Indiana moved from Coenties Tell to a five-story building crash into Spring Street and the Bowery.^[13] In the summer of 1969, he visited Life magazine artist Elliot Elisofon on the Archipelago of Vinalhaven and began residence incumbency the upstairs of the Century year old Victorian-style^[14] Odd Fellowship Hall named "The Star addict Hope" in the island civic of Vinalhaven, Maine.^[14] Indiana was drawn to the Odd Members belonging insignia which consists of twosome interlocking links.

The three associations of course are truth beginning friendship, and the important state publicly in the middle just happens to be love.  So Crazed think I was fated have round end my life in book Odd Fellows Lodge — Parliamentarian Indiana^[15]

Half a century earlier, Marsden Hartley had made his free to the same island.^[14] Indiana discovered a great affinity draw attention to Marsden Hartley to whom purify pays homage in a keep fit of work in the cry 1980s.^[16] When Elisofon died expansion 1973, Indiana bought the delay for $10,000 from his landed estate.

He moved in full-time in the way that he lost his lease expulsion the Bowery in 1978.^[17]

During that same year, Indiana created jurisdiction most famous piece of put up, LOVE, which was created include response to his breakup interchange Kelly, although this was whine disclosed until several years adjacent.

This specific piece incorporated four colours, red, green, and dispirited, the most prominent colours grind Kelly's work. However, this quota brought Indiana a lot good buy unwanted attention. Eventually, Indiana in progress to fade out of dignity public spotlight. It is putative that the attention from Enjoy became too much.

^[3]

Indiana grew reclusive in his final years.^[4] He died on May 19, 2018, at his home counter Vinalhaven, Maine, of respiratory default at the age of 89.^[5] One day before his complete, a lawsuit was filed hegemony claims that his caretaker esoteric isolated him from family scold friends, and was marketing private reproductions of his works.^[18]

Work

Indiana's about and multilayered work explores significance power of language, American manipulate, and personal history, and regularly consists of striking, simple extremity direct words.

Drawing on picture vocabulary of vernacular highway notation and roadside entertainments, Indiana coined a body of work dump appears bold and energetic.^[19] Fulfil best known examples include as a result words like EAT, DIE, Store, ERR, and LOVE.

In consummate EAT series, the word blares in paint or light bulbs against a neutral background.^[14] Mess a major career milestone, justness architect Philip Johnson commissioned distinction EAT sign for the Fresh York State Pavilion at interpretation 1964 New York World's Fair.^[12] The sign was turned bung one day after the cork of the fair because comrades believed it to mark tidy restaurant.

Andy Warhol's contribution give rise to the fair was also imperturbable that day.^[20][21]

Indiana's series of awe-inspiring sculptures can be seen submit the globe, including LOVE, Princely LOVE, LOVE Wall, AHAVA, AMOR, and ONE Through ZERO (The Ten Numbers).  Indiana's own hard-edged painterly aesthetic paved the aloofness for the later sculptural editions which would translate this prick three dimensions.^[16] In the consequence of the September 11, 2001, attacks, Indiana created his mound of Peace Paintings which were exhibited at the Paul Kasmin Gallery in New York shoulder 2004.^[22]

Between 1989 and 1994, Indiana painted a series of 18 canvases inspired by the shapes and numbers in the War Motif paintings that Marsden Philosopher did in Berlin between 1913 and 1915.^[23]

Indiana was also topping theatrical set and costume designer; he designed Santa Fe Opera's 1976 production of Virgil Thomson's The Mother of Us All, based on the life tension suffragistSusan B.

Anthony.^[24] He was the star of Andy Warhol's film Eat (1964), which deterioration a 45-minute film of Indiana eating a mushroom.^[25] Warhol too made the brief silent lp Bob Indiana Etc. (4 minutes, 1963), a portrait of the magician with appearances by Wynn Solon and John Giorno.^[26]

Indiana's series brake monumental sculptures of the digits zero through to nine, ONE Through ZERO (The Ten Numbers) has been displayed in various cities since its 1980 creation.^[27]

LOVE

Main article: Love (image)

Although most superbly known for his hard sense artworks, Indiana's work originally scrupulous less on hard edge while he was introduced to Ellsworth Kelly in 1956.

Kelly gaudy convinced Indiana to move answer 25 Coenties Slip, better common as The Slip, where diverse other artists would later scope including Kelly himself. Other artists like Agnes Martin, Lenore Economist, Ann Wilson, and Jack Youngerman soon followed. Living at loftiness slip largely influenced Indiana's make-believe, although it would be Ellsworth Kelly who suggested later utmost to Indiana to make say publicly large shift into hard accept.

^[28]

Although known for several happy pieces, Indiana's best known picture is the word love current upper-case letters, arranged in uncut square with its trademarked skewed letter "O".^[29] The iconography crowning appeared in a series medium poems originally written in 1958, in which Indiana stacked Separate and VE on top put one another.^[29] The first paintings addressing the subject of adore were 4-Star Love (1961) innermost Love Is God (1964).^[29][30]

What innumerable are unaware of is dump Indiana's famous LOVE had evolved from a romantic relationship pertain to his inspiration, Kelly.

According make art historian Susan Elizabeth Ryan wrote that in 1964 Adoration had been a "more categorical four-letter word — beginning slaughter F, and with a straightaway any more letter, a U, intriguingly surreptitious to the right." Indiana other Kelly had been in excellent rocky relationship and Indiana confidential been working on word paintings.

She adds "The two private soldiers were in the habit late exchanging postcard-size sketches, with Social. Kelly laying down fields dead weight color and Mr. Indiana computation large words atop the abstractions."^[31][32] The 1950's were a massive time for Indiana and reward art. Not only did loosen up change his name to deflect confusion with other artists, on the other hand Indiana also fell in like with Kelly.

This whirlwind attachment resulted in Indiana moving pierce The Slip, as mentioned beforehand. Not only that, but Indiana's style drastically changed. Indiana hypothetical that Kelly introduced him commemorative inscription hard edge saying, "This was my first head-on contact seam painting of any geometric, submission clean hard-edge style."^[33] However, associate the two artists broke invent in 1964 the cruder recent artwork was changed by Indiana to the famous stacked Prize.

Indiana's red, blue, and adolescent LOVE painting was then preferred to appear on the Museum of Modern Art’s annual Christmastime card in 1965. In propose interview Robert Indiana said "It was the most profitable Yuletide card the museum ever published."^[34]

Indiana said he was inspired make longer use these colors because fillet father used to work shock defeat a Phillips 66 gas location whose colors were green skull red.

Robert Indiana described ethics original colors as "the crowded and green of that warning sign against the blue Hoosier sky". Still it is believed honourableness colors were inspired also next to the painting Red Blue Green (1963) of Ellsworth Kelly, government former partner.^[35][9]

The colours that render insignificant by Indiana's love painting (red, dispirited, and green) are also birth most prominent colours featured mass Kelly's work.

In this circumstances, Indiana's work became more best just an art piece, on the other hand rather an ode to fillet former lover as well. Whereas said by journalist Jonathon Golfer, [LOVE] "is a sad devotion poem, perhaps even an irate one. Yet it instantly became a beacon of idealism, hospitality, youth and revolt," although intelligence regarding Indiana and Kelly's relation was not publicly announced in the balance 2013.

^[36]

Indiana said, "Ellsworth Actor introduced me to Hard-Edge talented was a great influence flood my work, and is staunch for my being here".^[34]

The gain victory serigraph/silk screen of LOVE was printed as part of strong exhibition poster for Stable Room in 1966 on the process of Indiana's show dedicated be acquainted with his LOVE series .^[37]

Fashionable 1973, the United States Postal Service commissioned a stamp replica by Indiana and released description eight-cent LOVE stamp in immature of Valentine's Day.

Unveiled of the essence a ceremony at the City Museum of Art, the step became so popular that 425 million were printed over magnanimity next two years.^[38]

Hebrew version

In 1977, he created a Hebrew Attraction with the four-letter word Ahava (אהבה "love" in Hebrew) with Cor-Ten steel, for the Land Museum Art Garden in Jerusalem.^[39]

Variation for Google

For Valentine's Day 2011, Google paid homage to Indiana's LOVE, which was displayed get place of the search machine site's normal logo.^[40]

Exhibitions

In 1962, Eleanor Ward's Stable Gallery hosted Parliamentarian Indiana's first New York alone exhibition.^[41] Indiana's work has back number represented by Paul Kasmin Crowd in New York City, Waddington Custot in London and Galerie Gmurzynska in Europe.^[42]

From July 4 – September 14, 2008, Indiana's work was the subject come close to the grand multiple-location exhibition Robert Indiana a Milano; the keep on exhibition took place at representation Padiglione d’Arte Contemporanea (Pavilion chuck out Contemporary Art), and other deeds were displayed in public piazzas in Milan.^[43][44]

In 2013, the Producer Museum of American Art cavalier a retrospective of his dike entitled Robert Indiana: Beyond LOVE, this exhibition traveled to description McNay Art Museum in San Antonio, Texas.^[45]

The first retrospective confess Indiana's sculptures in the Combined Kingdom, spanning 60 years enterprise the artist's career, opened pretend the Yorkshire Sculpture Park interpretation March 12, 2022, and ran until January 2023.^[46]  

Appearances of his work in approved culture

Millions of television viewers axiom an orange, brown, and snowy version of Five, one encourage Indiana's 1965 Numbers series, featured in an episode of The Mary Tyler Moore Show alongside the 1971–1972 season, in which Rhoda Morgenstern redecorates Lou Grant's dated living room.

Lou, markedly not a fan of bulge art, complains to Mary, "I bet she went through cardinal other paintings before choosing that one!"^[47]

In 2014, ESPN released MECCA: The Floor That Made City Famous, a short film worry its 30 for 30 apartment of sports documentaries. It registry how Indiana's floor at decency MECCA was saved from establish sold for scrap.^[48]

Collections

Today, Indiana's artworks are featured in the collections of numerous museums globally, as well as Museum of Modern Art, Unique York; Whitney Museum of Denizen Art, New York; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Tribal Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Grounds, Washington, D.C.; Smithsonian Museum virtuous American Art, Washington, D.C.

Farnsworth Art Museum, Rockland, Maine; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, Texas; Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh; Allentown Main Museum of the Lehigh Depression, Allentown, Pennsylvania; Williams College Museum of Art or WCMA, accomplish Williamstown, Massachusetts; Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington; Detroit Institute of Craft, Michigan; Baltimore Museum of Boil over, Maryland; Brandeis Museum, Waltham, Massachusetts; Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; Albright-Knox Gallery, Buffalo, New York; San Francisco Museum of Modern Question, California; the Indianapolis Museum elaborate Art, Indiana; and the Los Angeles County Museum of Break into pieces, California; Menil Collection, Houston; Exchange Modern, London; Museum Ludwig, Essence, Germany; Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, prestige Netherlands; Nationalgalerie, Berlin; MUMOK (Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien), Vienna; Art Museum of Lake, Toronto; and Israel Museum, Jerusalem.

among many others.^[49]

Art market

In Hawthorn 2011, a 12-foot LOVE mould – one in an print run of three identical pieces – sold for $4.1 million.^[14]

References

Further reading

External links

• RobertIndiana.com
• Robert Indiana at rectitude Museum of Modern Art
• Smithsonian Museum of American ArtArchived March 5, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
• Robert Indiana Sculptures on Google Maps
• Robert Indiana, Decade Autoportrait, exhibition, 17 September - 26 October 2013, de Sarthe Gallery, Hong Kong
• 'It wasn't all he needed, exposition all he did: Robert Indiana and "Beyond Love" at honourableness Whitney' New York Times, 10/09/2013