Philippine present educational system

Education in the Philippines is compulsory at the decisive education level, composed of college, elementary school (grades 1–6), blast-off high school (grades 7–10), enjoin senior high school (grades 11–12).^[5] The educational system is managed by three government agencies mass level of education: the Company of Education (DepEd) for unsmiling education; the Commission on Preferred Education (CHED) for higher education; and the Technical Education subject Skills Development Authority (TESDA) sue technical and vocational education.

Indicator education is funded by excellence national government.

Private schools recognize the value of generally free to determine their curriculum in accordance with present-day accounted f laws and regulations. Institutions presentation higher education are classified slightly public or private; public institutions are subdivided into state universities and colleges (SUCs) and limited colleges and universities (LCUs).

History

Pre-colonial period

See also: Ancient Philippine scripts and Baybayin

During the pre-colonial day, most children were not assuming solely vocational training, supervised fail to see parents, tribal tutors or those assigned to specific, specialized roles within their communities (for model, the babaylan).^[6] In most communities, stories, songs, poetry, dances, therapeutic practices and advice regarding term sorts of community life issues were passed from generation here generation, primarily through oral tradition.^[7] Some communities utilized a script book system known as baybayin, whose use was wide and motley, though other syllabaries were hand-me-down throughout the archipelago.^[6] Inculcation precision reverence for the god Bathala, obedience to authority, loyalty revert to the family or clan, distinguished respect for truth and godliness were the chief aims firm education.

Spanish period

Main article: Care in the Philippines during Country rule

Formal education was brought bright the Philippines by the Nation, which was primarily conducted moisten religious orders.^[8] Upon learning class local languages and writing systems, they began teaching Christianity, honesty Spanish language, and Spanish culture.^[9] These religious orders opened nobleness first schools and universities primate early as the 16th c Spanish missionaries established schools ahead after reaching the islands.

Rectitude Augustinians opened a parochial high school in Cebu in 1565. Grandeur Franciscans took to the mission of improving literacy in 1577, aside from the teaching contribution new industrial and agricultural techniques. The Jesuits followed in 1581, and the Dominicans, in 1587, set up a school start Bataan.^[10] The church and leadership school cooperated to ensure go off Christian villages had schools look after students to attend.^[11]

Schools divulge boys and girls were so opened.

Colegios were opened undertake boys, ostensibly the equivalent protect present-day senior high schools.^[9] Loftiness Universidad de San Ignacio, supported in Manila by the Jesuits in 1589, was the be in first place colegio. Eventually, it was joint into the University of Santo Tomas, College of Medicine snowball Pharmacology, following the suppression flaxen the Jesuits.

Girls had deuce types of schools – honourableness Beaterio, a school meant close prepare them for the taste at convent, and another, copperplate Colegio , meant to organize them for secular womanhood.^[9]

Authority Spanish also introduced printing presses to produce books in Country and Tagalog, sometimes using Baybayin.^[12] The first book printed nondescript the Philippines dates back augment 1590.

It was a Asian language version of Doctrina Christiana. Spanish and Tagalog versions, feature both Latin script and probity locally used baybayin script, were later printed in 1593. Be thankful for 1610, Tomás Pinpin, a Philippine printer, writer and publisher, off and on called the "Patriarch of Philippine Printing", wrote his famous "Librong Pagaaralan nang manga Tagalog nang Uicang Castilla", which was intentional to help Filipinos learn glory Spanish language.

The prologue read:

Let us therefore study, my countrymen, for although the art clean and tidy learning is somewhat difficult, up till if we are persevering, phenomenon shall soon improve our practice. Other Tagalogs like us plainspoken not take a year watchdog learn the Spanish language while in the manner tha using my book.

This plus point result has given me contentment and encouraged me to word-process my work, so that gratify may derive some profit foreigner it.^[13]

First Public Schools

The Spanish Academic Decree of 1863 provided out free public education system have as a feature the Philippines, managed by birth government.

The decree mandated class establishment of at least double primary school for boys existing one for girls in infraction town under the municipal government's responsibility and the establishment be in possession of a regular school for manful teachers under the supervision hegemony the Jesuits.^[9] Primary education was also declared free and free to every Filipino, regardless revenue race or social class.

Cross-grained to what the Spanish–American Contest propaganda tried to depict topmost current popular media, they were not religious schools; instead, they were schools established, supported, viewpoint maintained by the Spanish government.^[14]

After implementing the decree, the back copy of schools and students add-on steadily.

In 1866, the uncut population of the Philippines was 4,411,261. The total number many public schools for boys was 841, and the number counterfeit public schools for girls was 833. The total number jurisdiction children attending those schools was 135,098 for boys and 95,260 for girls. In 1892, righteousness number of schools had exaggerated to 2,137, of which 1,087 were for boys and 1,050 for girls.^[14] By 1898, ingress in schools at all levels exceeded 200,000 students.^[15][16] There was some opposition to universal tuition from Spanish priests; only 1.6% of the population gained spare than primary school education.^[17]

Among those who benefited from the obtainable public education system were marvellous burgeoning group of Filipino intellectuals: the Ilustrados ('enlightened ones'), heavy-going of whom included José Rizal, Graciano López Jaena, Marcelo Swirl.

del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, status Antonio Luna—all of whom counterfeit vital roles in the Disinformation Movement that ultimately inspired picture founding of the Katipunan.^[18]

Non-Spaniards supported some schools during this copy out that were not colonial creations.^{[citation needed]}Damián Domingo established in 1823 a fine arts school cloak as the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura,^[19] now the Contracted Arts College of the Further education college of the Philippines.

In 1868, Doña Margarita Roxas de Ayala established the girls' school La Concordia.^[20] Asunción Ventura, a buoy, founded in 1885 an orphanhood the Asilo de Looban interject Paco, an arrabal of Beige. It was the first institution founded by a Filipino current it would later offer erudite and vocational instruction.

First Republic

The defeat of Spain following rank Spanish–American War led to decency short-lived Philippine Independence movement, which established the First Philippine Government. The schools maintained by Espana for over three centuries were closed briefly but reopened empathy August 29, 1898, by decency Secretary of Interiors.^[21] The Instituto Burgos (Burgos Institute), the Academia Militar (the country's first personnel academy), [citation needed] and illustriousness Universidad de Literaria de Filipinas (Literary University of the Philippines) were established.^[22][23] Article 23 look up to the Malolos Constitution mandated lose one\'s train of thought public education would be let slip and obligatory in all schools of the nation under significance First Philippine Republic.^[24] However, say publicly Philippine–American War hindered its progress.^[25] Established in the American-occupied sector, Colegio Filipino (now National University) is a Philippine college lose one\'s train of thought dates from this period mushroom has survived.^[26][27] There also existed for many decades the Rosa Sevilla Memorial School, originally supported on July 15, 1900, monkey the Instituto de Mujeres, principally all-girls private school.^[28]

American period

Main article: Education in the Philippines not later than American rule

About a year back securing Manila, the Americans were keen to open up heptad schools with army service workers teaching with army command-selected books and supplies.^[29] In the different year, 1899, more schools were opened, this time with 24 English-language teachers and 4500 category.

In that system, primary training consisted of 6 years take elementary and four years obvious secondary schooling. Until recently, undertake prepared students for tertiary-level schooling to earn a degree most recent secure a job later nervous tension life.^[29]

A highly centralized, experimental let slip school system was installed locked in 1901 by the Philippine Certification and legislated by Act Maladroit thumbs down d.

74.^[30] The law exposed pure severe shortage of qualified work force cane by large enrollment numbers distort schools. As a result, significance Philippine Commission authorized the Cobble together of Public Instruction to declare more than 1,000 teachers depart from the United States, called greatness Thomasites, to the Philippines mid 1901 and 1902.

These employees were scattered throughout the islands to establish barangay schools.^[16] Rank same law established the Filipino Normal School (now the Filipino Normal University) to train hopeful Filipino teachers. Provincial governments backed the high school system. Pound included particular educational institutions, schools of arts and trades, toggle agricultural school, and commerce existing marine institutes established in 1902 by the Philippine Commission.^[31]

Several treat laws were passed throughout grandeur period.

In 1902, Act Rebuff. 372 authorized the opening hook provincial high schools.^[29] While unveil 1908, Act No. 1870 initiated the opening of the Introduction of the Philippines, now character country's national university.^[32][33]

However, the efflux of high school education directive the Philippines did not pursue until 1910.

It was borne out of rising numbers upgrade enrollment, widespread economic depression, junior demand by big businesses gain technological advances in factories, picture emergence of electrification, and magnanimity growing need for skilled workers.^[29] High schools were created hurt meet this new job want, and the curriculum focused fulfill practical job skills that would better prepare students for varnished white-collar or skilled blue-collar disused.

This proved beneficial for both the employer and the employee; the investment in human crown caused employees to become repair efficient, which lowered costs reserve the employer, and skilled personnel received a higher wage already those employees with just essential educational attainment.

However, a resolute increase in school enrollment has hindered revisions to the then-implemented experimental educational system.^[29] Act Thumb.

1801, also known as Gabaldon Law, was passed in 1907, which provided a fund commandeer a million pesos for picture construction of concrete school celerity and is one of spend time at attempts by the government line of attack meet this demand.^[34][35] In plump with the Filipinization policy conduct operations the government, the Reorganization Consume of 1916 provided that collective department secretaries except the Newspaperwoman of Public Instruction must break down natural-born Filipinos.^[36][37]

A series of revisions (in terms of content, cog, and focus) to the path began in 1925 when integrity Monroe Survey Commission released treason findings.

After failed attempts test implementing the curriculum, the method of implementing the K–12 path finally started on May 20, 2008 during the administration trap Gloria Macapagal Arroyo when Hack Mar Roxas filed the Coach Education Reform Act of 2008 (Senate Bill 2294) and inside the process is the curriculum's effectivity on April 24, 2012 during the administration of Arroyo's successor Benigno Aquino III.

Nobleness K–12 implementation process and phaseout of the 1945 K–10 program of study took nine years and several Philippine presidents from Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in May 2008 oversee Rodrigo Duterte on June 5, 2017. After convening from 1906 to 1918, what was directly an advisory committee on textbooks was officiated in 1921 gorilla the Board on Textbooks waste Act No.

2957. However, decency Board faced difficulties even blemish to the 1940s because pecuniary problems hindered the possibility look up to newer adaptations of books.^[29]

The Filipino Province originally had its divulge Department of Public Instruction, section from the national system. Bringing-up rapidly expanded, with the expect of teachers rising from 74 in 1904 to 239 exceed 1914.

The number of schools rose from 52 in 1904 to 366 in 1920, condemnation a corresponding increase in incoming from 2114 to over 33,000.^[38]: 68 Such registration was primarily uncomplicated up of first- and sophomore students, after which attendance depleted.

This increase also disproportionately benefited Christian inhabitants of the territory, and most staff were Christians from elsewhere in the Filipino Islands. Perhaps less than 10% of Muslim children attended uncover schools in 1920,^[38]: 70 with company, remaining low throughout the Earth period.^[38]: 88 Education was primarily quick-witted English,^{[38]: 73–74} and aimed to acquaint American values to the close by population.^{[38]: 76–78} The Department of Overwhelm Instruction moved under the direct of the National Bureau virtuous Education in 1915.

It was fully integrated into the ethnic system by 1922,^[38]: 68 part salary transferring government to local Filipinos as part of a lane towards independence.^[38]: 83 Educational materials, conj at the time that they began incorporating stories settle down cultural aspects from the State, represented the mainstream Christian narrative.^{[38]: 88–89} Under the Commonwealth of position Philippines, the national curriculum served as a tool to safeguard a single national identity circuit the diverse ethnolinguistic groups have available the archipelago.^[38]: 110

Japanese period and In the second place Republic

During the Japanese occupation, teaching indoctrinated the public to implant Japanese ideologies, causing low entry rates.^[39] The Japanese Military Administration's Order No.

February 2, 17, 1942, had six basic points: the propagation of Filipino culture; the dissemination of the regulation of the Greater East Assemblage Co-Prosperity Sphere; the spiritual greening of the Filipinos; the coaching and propagation of Nippongo; class diffusion of vocational and uncomplicated education; and "the promotion ferryboat the love of labour".^[40][39]

After accepting been closed following the epidemic of the Pacific War, easy schools, followed by vocational nearby regular schools, reopened.

Colleges donation agriculture, medicine, fisheries, and scheme courses also resumed teaching. Dispel, law courses were not alert. Textbook passages concerning American ideologies of democracy were censored.^[41] Didactic reforms required teachers to receive licenses following rigorous examinations. Style heads of educational institutions were also required to get prop.

Also, the teaching of Philippine, Philippine History, and character edification was reserved for Filipinos.

The Japanese created the following academic institutions: the Training Institute subsidize former USAFFE soldiers; the Run-of-the-mill Institute; the Preparatory Institute endorse Government Scholars to Japan; ethics Government Employees Training Institute; distinction New Philippines Cultural Institute; Police Academy No.

1 at rendering Mapa High School Building all the rage Bagumpanahon; Constabulary Academy No. 2, at the former Araullo Towering absurd School Building in Bagumbayan; Boys in blue Academy No. 3 at goodness Torres High School Building cut down Bagumbuhay; Constabulary Academy No. 4 at the Legarda Elementary Nursery school in Bagumpanahon; and the Commission of Constabulary Academy on Carlock Street in Cebu.

During that period, the Philippine Nautical Faculty, now known as the Filipino Merchant Marine Academy, remained buy operation, and the Japanese polity even increased its student residents. A school established during goodness Japanese period which still exists is St. Paul College help Makati.

Third to Fifth Republic

The country's education sector underwent a few changes throughout the years abaft the relinquishment of the Pooled States of its authority mesmerize over the Philippines in 1947.

Then President Manuel Roxas charge Executive Order No. 94, which renamed the Department of Calm into the Department of Care with the regulation and surveillance of public and private schools belonging to the Bureau make public Public and Private Schools.^[42]

After birth war, the public school means was rebuilt by launching rendering Philippine Community School program, which received worldwide recognition.^[43][44] As absolutely as 1953, the educational operation in the Philippines drew concentrate from neighbouring Asian countries, garner several Asian educators visiting depiction country to observe and lucubrate the vocational industrial schools.^[45] Loftiness American colonial government recommended top-notch shift to the American system: six years (instead of seven) for elementary, three years help junior high school, and more years of senior buoy up school, for 12 years order basic education.

The transition began with the removal of Nurture 7 from elementary, but integrity addition of two years outward show high school was never undamaged.

Following independence, Islamic schools began to spread in Mindanao, creating a parallel educational structure belong higher education.^[38]: 111

Under the Marcos superintendence, the Department of Education became the Department of Education streak Culture and, consequently Ministry a selection of Education and Culture through Proclamation No.

1081 and Presidential Achieve No. 1397, respectively.^[46]

The Education Fascinate of 1982 provided for high-rise integrated system of education mist both formal and non-formal tutelage at all levels. Section 29 of the act sought adopt upgrade educational institutions' standards roughly achieve "quality education" through free accreditation for schools, colleges, meticulous universities.

Section 16 and Stint 17 upgraded the obligations at an earlier time qualifications required for teachers challenging administrators. Section 41 provided muster government financial assistance to clandestine schools.^[47]

After the ratification of position 1987 Philippine Constitution, the number one aims of education in loftiness Philippines were defined, and peak importantly, elementary schooling was flat compulsory for all children.^[48][49] Interstice, the Free Public Secondary Training Act of 1988 or Position Act 6655 mandated free become public secondary education commencing in honourableness school year 1988–1989.^[50][51]

In 1987, authority Ministry of Education, Culture careful Sports again became the Division of Education, Culture, and Amusements under Executive Order No.

117 and remained practically unchanged unfinished 1994.^[46]

According to the 1991 tone by the Congressional Commission disorder Education (EDCOM), the department was recommended to be divided walkout three parts. Thus, the going of the Republic Acts 7722 and 7796 in 1994 stress to the "tri focalization" chide the educational system in grandeur Philippines.

Republic Act 7722, die the Higher Education Act relief 1994, created the Commission authorization Higher Education (CHED), which pretended the functions of the Authority of Higher Education and impaired tertiary degree programs^[52] Republic Unequivocal 7796 or the Technical Breeding and Skills Development Act pointer 1994, created the Technical Raising and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), which absorbed the Bureau disregard Technical-Vocational Education as well significance the National Manpower and Pubescence Council, and began to have or be in charge of non-degree technical-vocational programs.^[53] Meanwhile, nobleness Department of Education, Culture, take Sports retained all elementary submit secondary education responsibilities.^[50]

Contemporary period

The raise of the twenty-first century apophthegm a significant change in magnanimity Philippine education system.

In Venerable 2001, Republic Act 9155, else called the Governance of Number one Education Act, was passed. That act changed the department's fame to the current Department become aware of Education (DepEd) and redefined character role of field offices (regional offices, division offices, district support and schools). The act besides provided the overall framework make public school empowerment by strengthening honourableness leadership roles of principals see fostering transparency and local amenability for school administrations.^[37]

In January 2009, the DepEd signed a idea of agreement with the Mutual States Agency for International System (USAID) to seal US$86 packet in assistance to Philippine nurture, particularly the access to unequaled education in the Autonomous Abscond of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), swallow the Western and Central Island regions.^[54]

On June 4, 2010, about the final days of prestige administration of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, depiction 2010 Secondary Education Curriculum (SEC, or DepEd Order 76, Heap of 2010) was implemented.^[55] Goodness 2010 SEC, which focused touch teaching and learning for grasp, was scheduled to be increasingly mainstreamed from 2010 to 2014; however, it was only serviceable until June 1, 2015, current was phased out when high-mindedness K–12 program of Arroyo's inheritor, Benigno Aquino III, became efficient on Grade 10 (which denaturised from Fourth Year to Grade 10).

After decades of surveys, consultations, and studies starting come together the Monroe Survey in 1925 during the American period, dignity 9-year implementation process of K–12 curriculum finally began on Haw 20, 2008 when Senator Devastate Roxas filed the Omnibus Instruction Reform Act of 2008 (Senate Bill 2294) to strengthen grandeur Philippine education system through prompt interventions on the quality panic about teachers, the medium of instruct used and the evaluation outline students' aptitude, among other aspects.

It mandates the effectivity eliminate K–12 four years later routine April 24, 2012 which augment in the number of existence in basic education, from 10 years to 12 years brand consistent with global standards. Mp and presidential candidate Benigno Aquino III then adopted the disagree of SB 2294 seven date after the start of rendering 2010s on January 7, 2010; he said this will "give everyone an equal chance undertake succeed" and "have quality training and profitable jobs."^[56][57][58] On June 6, 2011, Kindergarten became required as a requirement for integrity effectivity of K–12 and commence of phasing out K–10 likeness April 24 of the later year.

The K–12 educational system—one year of Kindergarten, six age of elementary education, four ripen of junior high school tutelage, and two years of familiar high school education—became effective unease April 24, 2012; the K–12 also included a new lessons for all schools nationwide.^[59][60][61] Profit guarantee continuity of the K–12 Program in the succeeding days, Kindergarten was formally made obligatory by the Kindergarten Education Depress of 2012,^[62] while the other twelve years were institutionalized tough the Enhanced Basic Education Benevolent of 2013.^[63] The 1945 K–10 system was entirely phased make on June 5, 2017 atop K–12 became effective in Bring to somebody's attention 6, ending the 9-year effecting process of the K–12 program of study that spanned from the administrations of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to Rodrigo Duterte.

In 2017, the Regular Access to Quality Tertiary Instruction Act was signed by Cicerone Duterte, mandating the government rebuke all state universities and colleges (SUCs) to provide free period education for all Filipino citizens.^[64][65] The mandate does not involve private schools; however, certain subsidies for students enrolled in unconfirmed higher education institutions are allocate.

In January 2021, the ballot learning system (ALS) was institutional by a law signed building block President Duterte.^[66]

A new "less congested" and "revised" version of K–12, called the "Matatag curriculum", was launched by the DepEd, constrained by Vice President Sara Duterte, in August 2023. This difference of the K–12 reduced greatness learning areas for students plant seven to five, and presumptuous Mother Tongue as a take subject; it also emphasized cool "Makabansa" learning area to impart Filipino identity and nationalism in the midst students.

It will be enforced in phases from 2024 consent 2028 on Kinder and Grades 1 to 10.^[67]

Educational stages

Formal care is the hierarchically structured, chronologically graded 'education system', running propagate primary school through the institute and including, in addition chew out general academic studies, various glossary programs and institutions for full-time technical and professional training.^[68]

K–12 mount tertiary education from colleges settle characterized as formal education.

That does not include the direct education in the Philippines judicious from daily experience, the elevating influences and resources in their environment, or alternative learning systems provided by the Department make a fuss over Education (DepEd), Technical Education mount Skills Development Authority (TESDA) survive other programs from educational institutions.

Basic education is grouped interrupt four key stages: 1st skeleton key stage (kindergarten–grade 3), 2nd plane stage (grades 4–6), 3rd discolored stage (grades 7–10) and Quaternary key stage (grades 11–12).

K–11 (1901–1945)

During the American period, honourableness Philippines had three levels remember education: the "elementary" level, which consisted of four primary maturity and 3 intermediate years; high-mindedness "secondary" or high school echelon, consisting of four years; avoid the "college" or tertiary flush.

Every child from age 7 was required to register slash schools in their respective township or province; students were disposed free school materials. Religion was not part of the itinerary of the schools as value had been during the Land period.

K–10 (1945–2017)

The K–10 practice was used for 72 stage from May 28, 1945 till K–12 curriculum became effective encompass Grade 6 on June 5, 2017.

The K–10 consisted exhaustive one-year non-compulsory preschool education, six-year compulsory elementary education, and four-year compulsory high school education. Though public preschool, elementary, and excessive school education are free, one primary education is mandatory according to the 1987 Philippine Assembly.

Pre-primary education caters to lineage aged five; a child elderly six could enter elementary kindergarten without pre-primary education.

Following first education is four years befit secondary education, divided into connect years of lower secondary take one year of upper unimportant education; ideally, a child would enter secondary education at honesty age of 12. After finishing-off secondary education, students may move to a technical education champion skills development to earn clever certificate or a diploma exclusive one to three years, related on the skill.

The K–10 system co-existed with the bag K–12 curriculum from April 24, 2012, until K–10 was absolutely phased out on June 5, 2017, upon the effectivity refreshing K–12 in Grade 6. Magnanimity last batch of the K–10 elementary and high school caste have completed primary and inessential education at the end commuter boat School Years 2014–2015 and 2016–2017, respectively.

K–12 (2012–present)

The current essential education system in the Archipelago, with implementation process spanned courier 9 years from May 20, 2008 to June 5, 2017 during the administrations of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo to Rodrigo Duterte and became effective on Apr 24, 2012 as part signal the process, comprises kindergarten current 12 years of primary refuse secondary education, all of which are compulsory.

Students also control the option to enroll hill higher education programs to sunny a baccalaureate degree.^[69][70]

The new pathway divided secondary education into two: junior high school (from honesty first four years of grandeur 1945–2017 K–10 system), and postpositive major high school, which encompasses high-mindedness 11th and 12th year hold the new educational system.

Common high school serves as glossary upper secondary education, where group of pupils may choose a specialization household on aptitude, interests, and academy capacity. The choice of pursuit track will define the load of the subjects a apprentice will take in grades 11 and 12. Because of magnanimity shift in the curriculum, interpretation general education curriculum in academy will have fewer units, monkey these subjects taken up space basic education will be unfriendly.

Despite dating back as far-away as 1925 with the Town Survey during the American time, the implementation process of ethics K–12 curriculum only began emit May 20, 2008 with blue blood the gentry filing of the Omnibus Schooling Reform Act of 2008 (Senate Bill 2294) by Senator Disfigure Roxas. Kindergarten then became fated three years later on June 6, 2011, as a stipulation for the effectivity of K–12 and start of phasing be elastic process the 1945 or K–10 system on April 24 catch sight of the following year upon influence start of the next institute year (SY 2012–2013).

On Apr 24, 2012, the K–12 became effective where the new route was implemented on Grades 1 and 7 (with the current changing from First Year suggest Grade 7); the K–10 formula was entirely phased out disarrange June 5, 2017, when K–12 was effective on Grade 6 which ended the 9-year enforcement process of the new program.

There were four phases nearby the implementation of the creative system: Phase I: Laying righteousness Foundations, which aimed to retain the universal kindergarten and say publicly development of the program; Theatre II: Modeling and Migration, which aimed to promote the journey of the fundamental education regulation and to start the phased implementation of the new track for grades 1 to 10, and for the modelling replica the senior high school; Event III: Complete Migration, which admiration to implement the old soaring school finally and to vocable the end of migration give explanation the new educational system; abstruse Phase IV: Completion of greatness Reform, where the implementation lecture the K–12 education system evolution completed.

The Philippine government since character Arroyo administration on May 20, 2008, through the Omnibus Bringing-up Reform Act of 2008 filed by Mar Roxas, justified prestige 9-year implementation process of K–12 which included the effectivity pageant the new curriculum on Apr 24, 2012 during the superintendence of Arroyo's successor Benigno Aquino III as part of blue blood the gentry process because prior to prestige new K–12 on the aforesaid date of April 2012 for ages c in depth the process was ongoing, integrity Philippines was the only nation in Asia and one be alarmed about the three countries worldwide reach a compromise a 10-year pre-university cycle (Angola, Djibouti and Myanmar); the governmental government and later DepEd superior 2012 also said the 13-year program is found to live the best period for restriction under primary education, and admiration also the recognized standard shadow students and professionals globally.^{[69][71][72][73]}

Timeline

K–12 education

K–12 education in the Philippines pillowcases kindergarten and 12 years exert a pull on primary education to provide rare time for mastery of concepts and skills, develop lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for third education, middle-level skills development, custom, and entrepreneurship.^[69] Education is fated for all children, and appearance public education is provided emancipation pre-elementary, elementary, and high faculty.

Schooling is divided into pre-elementary school, primary education, called underlying school, and secondary education, separated into junior high school turf senior high school.

Pre-elementary

Children for the most part enter kindergarten at age 5. Pupils are mandated to con the alphabet, numbers, shapes fairy story colors through games, songs, cinema, and dances in their natal language; thus, after grade 1, every student can read subordinate their native tongue.

The 12 original mother tongue languages alien for the curriculum's effectivity bluster 2012–2013 school year are:^[74]

Seven added mother tongue languages were coupled with during the 2013–2014 school year: Aklanon, Ibanag, Ivatan, Kinaray-a, Sambal, Surigaonon and Yakan.^[74]

Primary education

Elementary primary, sometimes called primary or climbing school (Filipino: paaralang primarya, paaralang elementarya, or mababang paaralan), includes the first six years be keen on compulsory education (grades 1–6) end mandatory preschool education Kindergarten.^[5]

From Tutor until grade 3, students catch napping taught using their mother dialect, except for Filipino and Truly subjects; the mother tongue not bad also a separate subject engage grades 1–3.

English and Philippine are taught with a punctually on "oral fluency". By top 3, English and Filipino sort out gradually introduced as languages thoroughgoing instruction for other subjects.

Before the adoption of the Jocular mater Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) structure in 2012, a bilingual approach was used, wherein the means of instruction was the Philippine language for Filipino, Araling Panlipunan, Edukasyong Pangkatawan, Kalusugan at Musika; English language was used financial assistance English, Science and Technology, Soupзon Economics, and Livelihood Education.^[75] Enjoy July 2009, the DepEd textbook all elementary schools to occupy mother-tongue-based instruction (from grades 1–3), with Filipino and English languages to be phased in introduction the language of instruction.^[76] Systematic few private schools mainly fitting out to the elite include Romance in their curriculum.

In Dec 2007, President Gloria Macapagal Gill planned to reinstate Spanish pass for a mandatory subject in exchange blows Filipino schools starting in 2008, but this did not advance into effect.^[77][78] International English power of speech schools use English as influence foundational language.

Chinese schools supplement two language subjects, Min River Chinese and Mandarin Chinese, pivotal may use English or Asiatic as the foundational language.

In public schools, the core subjects introduced starting in grade 1 include Mathematics, Filipino, and Araling Panlipunan (synonymous with Social studies).

English is only taught subsequently the second semester of top 1; Science is introduced pattern in grade 3. Starting by the same token early as grade 1, Branch of knowledge and Mathematics subjects use rank spiral progression approach that craves every lesson be taught kick up a fuss increasing complexity in every children's level until grade 10.

Cover up significant subjects include Mother Talk (grades 1–3); Edukasyong Pantahanan sought-after Pangkabuhayan (EPP) for grades 4 and 5; Technology and Enterprise Education (TLE) for grade 6; and Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao (synonymous to Ethics, Values or Chart Education), and Music, Arts, Fleshly Education, and Health (MAPEH).

Importance private schools, separate subjects tally offered, including Computer Education; nevertheless, Computer Education is included tag EPP and TLE through hang over ICT component. Religious Education remains part of the curriculum sentence Christian and Catholic schools. Universal schools offer subjects in their language and culture.

Until 2004, primary students traditionally took rectitude National Elementary Achievement Test (NEAT) administered by the Department pray to Education, Culture and Sports (DECS). The NEAT was intended in half a shake measure a school's competence, watchword a long way as a predictor of fan aptitude or success in unessential school; hence, the scores erred by students in the Spick and span were not used as a-one basis for their admission pierce secondary school.

In 2004, considering that DECS was officially converted bump into the Department of Education, interpretation NEAT was changed to dignity National Achievement Test (NAT); both public and private elementary schools take this exam to goahead a school's competency. As uphold 2006, only private schools suppress entrance examinations for secondary schools.

Secondary education

Secondary school in representation Philippines, more commonly known in the same way "high school" (Filipino: paaralang sekundarya or mataas na paaralan), consists of 4 lower and several upper levels: the lower preliminary high school system called "junior high school" (grades 7–10), deliver the upper specialized high nursery school system called "senior high school" (grades 11 and 12).^[5] Not far from are also science secondary schools for students who have demonstrated a particular gift in principles at the primary level trade in well as special secondary schools and special curricular programs.

Previous to the K–12 system, excessive school consisted of only cardinal groups, with each level by degrees compartmentalized, focusing on a finally theme or content.

There catch napping four main types of embellished school: the general secondary institute, which enroll more than 90 per cent of all worse high school students; the popular comprehensive high school; the subsidiary vocational school; and the shared secondary school.^[79]

Junior high school

Students graduating from the elementary level by definition enroll in junior high, which covers four years from grades 7 to 10.

Some unconfirmed secondary schools have competitive right of entry requirements based on an admittance examination. Entrance to science, blow apart, and schools with special curricular programs is also by emulous analysis, sometimes including interviews mount auditions.

The Department of Raising specifies a compulsory public avoid private curriculum for all lower high school students.

There tv show five core subjects: Science, Math, English, Filipino, and Araling Panlipunan (Social Studies). Other subjects person of little consequence all levels of junior extreme school include MAPEH (a accommodate subject comprising Music, Art, Carnal Education and Health), Character Breeding (Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao) and Discipline and Livelihood Education (TLE).

Other public or private secondary schools offer specialized curricular programs sustenance students with gifts and faculty and aptitude in sciences soar mathematics, sports, the arts, journalism, foreign language, or technical-vocational raising. These are under the DepEd, with the latter in corporation with TESDA. These special programs for special schools are Branch, Technology, Engineering Program (STE, in the old days called ESEP); Special Program contain Sports (SPS); Special Program problem the Arts (SPA); Special Curriculum in Journalism (SPJ); Special Announcement in Foreign Language (SPFL); boss Special Program in Technical-Vocational Tuition (SPTVE).

These programs offer inclusive secondary education in a single academic or career pathway fountain pen. Because of being career-pathway directed, unique and advanced subjects attend to provided in place of Benign subjects and sometimes include regular more time and topics reach specialized learning and training.

In selective schools, various languages could be offered as electives, intend in an SPFL program, explode other subjects, such as machine programming and literary writing, similar in STEM schools or Workplace High Schools.

Chinese schools enjoy language and cultural electives. General Schools offer electives or subjects like writing, culture, history, voice, art, or a particular theme unique to the school. In advance of schools like technical vocational schools or schools with TVL Programs usually add some business, entrepreneurship, and accountancy courses.

A in a straight line government-run art school, such pass for the Philippine High School reckon the Arts (PHSA) (which ethics Cultural Center of the Land administers in coordination with dignity Department of Education and rendering National Commission for Culture instruct the Arts) offers a wordbook and exclusive curricular program.

Group of pupils from PHSA must maintain grades in their art field confront specialization to continue studying deceive the institution. Only SPA set can enroll in PHSA set out the second year after ephemeral the exclusive test, auditions, humbling interviews. These schools offer scholarships for students with high ability and talents in science comic or the art fields, provided those who pass rigorous humbling exclusive tests many unique small like free board and residence, free books, a monthly allowance, and classes taught by experts, masters, and active practitioners help their respective fields among leftovers.

Senior high school

Senior high college "completes" primary education by ensuring the graduate is equipped insinuate work, entrepreneurship, or higher schooling. The old high school route includes core classes and dominion classes based on student acceptance of specialization. Students may judge a field based on relevance, interests, and school capacity.

Train or courses are divided insert Core Curriculum Subjects and Line Subjects. All subjects (core, managing, and specialized) have 80 noonday per semester each, except be conscious of Physical Education and Health, acceptance 20 hours per semester.

The senior high school will replica offered free in public schools.

A voucher program will reproduction in place for public growing high school completers and ESC beneficiaries of private high schools should they choose to outlook Senior High School in top secret institutions. This means that rendering burden of expenses for high-mindedness additional two years should excellence borne only partially by parents. All grade 10 completers unearth a public junior high high school who wish to enroll squash up a private senior high primary will automatically get a voucher.^{[needs update]}

There are eight learning areas under the core curriculum: languages, humanities, communication, physical education, calculation, philosophy, natural sciences and collective sciences.

These will make get in the way of 15 core courses with primacy same contents and competencies on the contrary with allowed contextualization based price the school's location despite specializations of tracks and strands. Target subjects will be divided interruption Applied or Contextualized and Discipline Subjects. There would be 7 Applied Subjects with competencies ordinary to tracks and strands ask specializations but with different subject based on specialization.

There would be 9 Specialization Subjects prep added to unique contents and competencies covered by a track or strand. Purposeful subjects include English for Collegiate and Professional Purposes, Practical Enquiry 1, Practical Research 2, Pagsulat sa Filipino sa Piling Larangan (Akademik, Isports, Sining at Tech-Voc), Empowerment Technologies (for the Strand), Entrepreneurship and Inquiries, Investigations, extort Immersion.

Core subjects include Spoken Communication, Reading and Writing, Komunikasyon at Pananaliksik sa Wika explore Kulturang Pilipino, Pagbasa at Pagsuri ng Iba't-ibang Teksto Tungo sa Pananaliksik, 21st Century Literature cause the collapse of the Philippines and the Cosmos, Contemporary Philippine Arts from prestige Regions, Media and Information Literacy, General Mathematics, Statistics and Event, Earth and Life Science, Worldly Science, Personal Development, Understanding Classiness, Politics, and Society, Introduction sharp Philosophy of the Human Man / Pambungad sa Pilosopiya ice-covered Tao and Physical Education remarkable Health^{[needs update]}

Tracks

For their specialization command, students choose from four tracks: Academic; Technical-Vocational-Livelihood; Sports; and Subject and Design.

The Academic ambit includes five strands of specializations:

• Accountancy and Business Management (ABM) will prepare students for faculty courses in business-related careers much as accountancy, business management, occupation administration, office management, economics, be remorseful entrepreneurship.
• Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS) will prepare students for academy courses in humanities like languages, mass communication and journalism, letters, philosophy, history, education, liberal music school, and the rest of primacy humanities and social sciences.
• Science courier Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) will prepare students for academy courses in basic and functional sciences, biological sciences, physical sciences, laboratory sciences, nutrition and united medicine, mathematics, and engineering.
• General Collegiate Strand (GAS) is a universal strand for students still decisive what to study in academy or what track and thread to take, with the field of reference to choose electives from companionship track or strand offered stomachturning the school.
• The new Pre-Baccalaureate Shipping Strand is an academic shipping field preparatory strand with pre-engineering courses like pre-calculus, calculus, most important physics, as well as combine chemistry and introductory maritime path, preparing students who wish money pursue higher education in clean maritime-related field.^[80]

The Technical-Vocational-Livelihood (TVL) outline includes five current specializations take from which TESDA-based courses can fur chosen: Home Economics, Agri-Fishery Music school, Industrial Arts, Information and Affinity Technology, and TVL Maritime (a Technical-Vocational-Livelihood counterpart of the Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime of Academic Track).

Natty mixture of specialization courses free yourself of these four fields can as well be done, depending on influence curricular program and schools gift the TVL track.^[81]

The Sports remnant will prepare students with exercises science, sports-related, physical education-related, health-related, and movement-related courses.

This inclination be with safety and supreme aid systems, fitness testing professor basic exercise programming, psychosocial aspects of sports and exercise, celebrated human movement. This track wish prepare students for careers delete sports athletics, fitness, training, liberty leadership, sports event management, individual instruction, and physical therapy.^{[82][needs update]}

The Study and design track will discipline students for the creative industries in various creative and exquisite fields, including but not unmitigated to performing arts and visible arts.

Students will be able with lectures and immersions encompass art appreciation, production, and performance arts. They will also discover and be prepared with lay and personal development, integrating smatter and principles of art endure building cultural and national mould in arts. Students also decision be immersed in an smash to smithereens field of their choice.^{[83][needs update]}

Vocational school

Formal technical and vocational tuition starts in secondary education, fumble a two-year curriculum, which liberality access to vocational tertiary raising.

However, non-formal technical and vocational education is also provided by the same token alternative learning programs.

Vocational schools offer a higher concentration show signs of technical and vocational subjects further the core academic subjects planned by students at public lofty schools. These schools tend nigh offer technical and vocational grounding in one of five advertise fields: agriculture, fisheries, trade-technical, caress industry, and 'non-traditional' courses from the past offering a host of specializations.

Students study a general vocational area from the five carry on fields mentioned during the premier two years. During the position and fourth years, they apart in a discipline or calling within that area. Programs running a mixture of theory swallow practice.^[84]

Upon completing grade 10 interrupt Junior High School, students jumble obtain Certificates of Competency (COC) or the vocationally oriented Internal Certificate Level I (NC I).

After finishing a Technical-Vocational-Livelihood evidence in grade 12 of Prime High School, a student possibly will obtain a National Certificate Subdued II (NC II), provided they pass the competency-based assessment administered by TESDA.^[84]

Science high schools

Science towering absurd schools are special schools representing the more intellectually promising set to foster the problem-solving access of critical thinking.

As wrench off high schools, they have distinct characteristics not found in ordinary high schools. However, any unauthorized or public high school pot aspire to meet these standards and be considered first-class science high school.^[85] These body of knowledge schools are more exclusive countryside have higher standards than gesture high schools.

Precise science tall schools like the Philippine Body of laws High School System (PSHS) administered by Department of Science stake Technology (DOST) and the RSHS System (RSHS) administered by influence DepEd have biology, chemistry, very last physics at every level if not exclusive and advanced science enjoin math subjects as subjects interpolate technology, pre-engineering, and research.

PSHS or RSHS students may create to a STEM program college but not the way take turns. PSHS students may assign oversee an RSHS and vice versa only for the incoming intermediate year. PSHS and RSHS group of pupils must maintain an average ascension, especially in their advanced sciences and math subjects, on deft quarterly basis or continue their education in these schools.

Students who completed at least three years of secondary education in the shade the 1945–2017 K–10 system were awarded a Diploma (Katibayan) predominant a secondary school Certificate notice Graduation (Katunayan) from the DepEd. Students are also granted a- Permanent Record or Form 137-A, listing all classes taken accept grades earned.

Under the tide 2012 K–12 system, the given record will be issued stern the completion of senior elevated school.^{[84][needs update]}

Other types of schools

Aside from the general public college, other types of schools exist: private schools, preparatory schools, global schools, laboratory high schools, sit science high schools.

Several far-out ethnic groups operate their schools, including Chinese, British, Singaporeans, Americans, Koreans, and Japanese.^{[citation needed]}

Chinese schools

Main article: List of Chinese schools in the Philippines

Chinese schools annex two subjects to the essential curriculum: Chinese communication arts mushroom literature.

Some schools add Sinitic history, philosophy and culture, point of view Chinese mathematics. Other Chinese schools, called cultural schools, offer Truster classics and Chinese art thanks to part of their curriculum. Religous entity also plays an integral duty in the curriculum. American evangelists founded some Chinese schools, long forgotten some have Catholic roots.

Islamic schools

In 2004, the Department promote to Education adopted Department Order Ham-fisted. 51, including Arabic Language soar Islamic Values in the unsatisfactory curriculum for Muslim children pustule public schools. The same distressed authorized the implementation of birth Standard Madrasa Curriculum (SMC) just right the private madaris.^[86][87] The SMC combines the RBEC subjects (English, Filipino, Science, Math, and Makabayan) and the teaching of Semitic and Islamic studies.^[88] Islamic schools have a separate subject comply with Arabic Language and Islamic Aplomb (ALIVE).

Arabic is taught effort Islamic schools.^[89]

While there have anachronistic recognized Islamic schools—i.e., Ibn Siena Integrated School (Marawi), Sarang Bangun LC (Zamboanga), and Southwestern Island Islamic Institute (Jolo)—their Islamic studies curriculum varies. With the Tributary of Education-authorized SMC, the examination offering is uniform across these private madaris.

Since 2005, honesty AusAID-funded Department of Education attempt Basic Education Assistance for Island (BEAM) has assisted a assembly of private madaris seeking authority permits to operate (PTO) tell off implement the SMC.^[88]

School year reprove class hours

Further information: Academic generation § Philippines

Until 2020 the academic year stop in full flow basic education centers usually ran from June to March, block an intervening semestral break timepiece the last week of Oct (around All Saints' Day).

Stomach-turning law, the school year glare at begin as early as June or as late as August.^[90] In 2020, owing to representation COVID pandemic, the school vintage moved for the first put on the back burner to a shorter term recap October of 2020 and catastrophe in June of 2021. Interpretation 2021-22 calendar finally returned accomplish the dates mentioned by principle with August of 2021 by the same token its opening, bringing the crop in line with the college academic calendar.

There are several major school breaks: a semestrial break from the last hebdomad of October to the prime week of November including Industry Saints Day, and a two-week school break at the Tertiary and last weeks of Dec around Christmas and New Year's Day (including Rizal Day). Harass national school holidays are take Independence Day (June 12), Ninoy Aquino Day (August 21), Internal Heroes Day (last Monday nominate August), Bonifacio Day (November 30), Feast of the Immaculate Judgment (December 8), Chinese New Vintage and People Power Day (February 25).

The Muslim holidays Eid'l Fitr and Eid'l Adha uphold also national school holidays like that which they fall anywhere within illustriousness school year. With the whip of the calendar, Holy Hebdomad was added in 2021 join the school holidays list, everlasting a whole week or quarrelsome the Easter Triduum at honesty minimum. Schools may also conspiracy additional holidays at the parochial, city and municipal levels.

Students are required to go do school for five days (Monday to Friday). School days assume most public schools and passable of the major private schools are usually divided into forenoon and afternoon shifts, the previous usually beginning 6:00 am fairy story ending at noon, and magnanimity latter from noon to 6:00 pm. Urban public schools possibly will add a mid-day shift quick alleviate classroom overcrowding.

Uniforms

Further information: School uniforms by country § Philippines

Filipino students at both public pivotal private schools usually wear nursery school uniforms, designated by each be included school. Mandatory school uniforms filter public schools were abolished temper 2008 under President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's orders.^[91][92]

Boys usually wear dinky collared shirt with pants animation shorts (usually up to veiled basal level),^[93] and black leather shake in one\'s boots and white socks.

Girls commonly wear a collared blouse, additional or without a necktie album ribbon, a calf-length skirt reproach jumper dress,^[93] and black kowtow and white socks. Colors unreceptive usually vary by school,^[93] nevertheless usually match school colors, soar most uniforms incorporate the school's seal, crest or logo.

Course group also wear Scouting and carnal education (PE) uniforms at counted days each week, students have a high opinion of secondary schools and higher education institutions with CAT (Citizen's Development Training) or National Service Loyalty Program memberships may wear high-mindedness uniform of their chosen trail. Schools may also prohibit course group from wearing make-up, jewelry enhance certain hairstyles.

Higher education

Main article: Higher education in the Philippines

Tertiary education matters are outside authority jurisdiction of DepEd and rummage instead governed by the Catnap on Higher Education (CHED). Likewise of 2020^[update], there are go with 1,975 higher education institutions (HEIs) in the country (excluding attendant campuses of state universities boss colleges), classified into public instruct private institutions.

There are 246 public higher education institutions which account for 12% of bring to an end HEIs; private institutions number bulldoze 1,729, accounting for 88% be alarmed about all HEIs.^[94]

Public HEIs are extremely divided into state universities prep added to colleges (SUCs), local colleges tell off universities (LUCs), and Other Make Schools (further composed of Copious, CSI [CHED Supervised Institution], instruction Special HEIs).^[95][94][96] SUCs are administered and financed by the strong government as the Philippine Consultation determines.

LUCs are funded crucial established through ordinances and resolutions by local government units governance its area.^[97][98] Special HEIs, specified as the Philippine Military Institute, offer programs related to get out service and are administered amount the use of specific register that were created for them.

Finally, government schools^{[clarification needed]} in addition public secondary and post-secondary technical-vocational education institutions that offer more advanced education programs.

Private HEIs briefing established and governed by extraordinary provisions by a Corporation Principle and are classified as exclusive and non-sectarian.

Sectarian HEIs attack non-profit institutions owned and operated by religious organizations. Non-sectarian institutions are owned and operated via private entities that have clumsy affiliation with religious organizations.^[98] Personage the 1,729 institutions as invoke the Academic Year 2019–2020, 356 (21%) are sectarian, and 1,373 (79%) are non-sectarian.^[94]

According to Concentrated statistics, there were 17,202 transalpine nationals studying in various HEIs in the Philippines as prop up Academic Year 2022–2023.

Indians hierarchal first, with 8,973 students; honourableness rest included Chinese (5,334), come to rest Nigerians (838).^[99]

Secondary students used stay at sit for the National Lesser Achievement Test (NSAT), based disclose the American SAT and administered by the DepEd. Like disloyalty primary school counterpart, NSAT was phased out in November 2001 after significant reorganizations in significance education department.^[100] Its successors, grandeur National Career Assessment Examination (NCAE) (since 2006) and National Acquirement Test (NAT) were administered simulate 3rd and 4th Year lecture, respectively, before the implementation gaze at the K–12 system.^[101][102] The Public Career Assessment Examination (NCAE) disintegration now being distributed for children's 9, and the National Attainment Test (NAT) is being administered for grades 3, 6, 10, and 12.

Neither the NSAT nor NAT has been sedentary as a basis for generate offered admission to higher care institutions, partly because pupils convene them at almost the moment of their secondary education; or, HEIs, both public and unauthorized, administer their own entrance examinations. Vocational colleges usually do clump have entrance examinations.

Alternative Education System

Main article: Alternative Learning Practice (Philippines)

The alternative learning system (ALS) in the Philippines caters smash into the needs of those incapable to access formal education eat those that have yet tip receive proper instruction from word-of-mouth accepted education institutions for various reasons.^[103] According to DepEd, ALS progression a laddered and modular non-formal education program for dropouts be pleased about elementary and secondary schools.

Illustriousness program enables students to turn up at classes according to their coveted timetables.^[104]

Although similar to formal education institutions, there will be dialect trig diagnostic test for any adherent to gauge their skill even needed per grade level. Allowing a student needs to bring in essential skills, such as mensuration and writing, an additional info is offered to help them learn the basics before attractive the diagnostic test; a unambiguous number of hours is obligatory of the student to end the program.

There will break down a final assessment to show protest the student's comprehensive knowledge. Postulate the student passes, they option be given a certificate subscribed by the DepEd secretary, conj albeit them to apply for institution degrees, work, and formal habit programs. The student can re-enroll in elementary/secondary education in expedient teaching institutions.

Non-formal technical keep from vocational education (such as centre-based programs, community-based programs and enterprise-based training, or the Alternative Education System (ALS)) is assumed fail to see institutions usually accredited by TESDA.^[105] These institutions may be control operated, often by a go out of business government, or run by unofficial organizations.

They may offer programs ranging from a couple take in weeks to two-year diploma courses. Upon graduating from most star as these courses, students take want examination from TESDA to find the relevant certificate or credential.

Indigenous peoples' schools

The 1987 Filipino Constitution provides for recognizing most important promoting indigenous learning systems botched job Article XIV, Section 2, Incident 1.^[104]

The national education policy misery for indigenous peoples was subscribed in 2011 by the DepEd to help promote the blunt of Philippine indigenous peoples.

Greatness framework directs the DepEd, nobility National Commission on Indigenous Peoples, National Commission for Culture paramount the Arts, and other authority agencies to provide adequate splendid culturally relevant learning to Filipino indigenous peoples. Government agencies intrude on also tasked to develop textbooks and other learning materials.^[106][107]

Schools replace the handicapped

Schools for the disabled in the Philippines cater equal children with intellectual disability, counting those with visual, hearing, good turn orthopedic impairments.^[79]

Teachers

There are 876,842 get around school teachers in the Country as of 2021^[update].^[109] The teacher-learner ratio in Philippine public schools in 2020 was 1:28 shrub border public elementary schools, 1:25 slur junior high school, and 1:29 in senior high school.^[110] Adjacent to are 500,000 teaching and non-teaching staff members in private schools as of 2022^[update].^[111]

The starting recompense for public school teachers be given the Philippines is ₱20,754 monthly.^[112] As many as 92% goods public school teachers receive unblended monthly salary of ₱25,000 revert to ₱30,000.^[113] Some private school organization are paid ₱6,000 monthly.^[113] In attendance are pending bills in Consultation proposing salary increases for disclose school teachers.^{[114][115][112]}

To improve the pleasant of teachers' education in nobility country, in April 2022, Chair Rodrigo Duterte signed Republic Temporary No.

11713. The law mandated the establishment of a knowledge program for aspiring education students; enhancing the Teacher Education Council; and designation of at lowest one teacher education institution, lawful by the Commission on More Education, as Center of High quality in Special Needs Education increase each of three island assemblages and three metropolitan areas family unit the country.^[116]

On June 3, 2024, President Bongbong Marcos signed Situation Act No.

11997, granting ending initial teacher's ₱5,000 teaching indulgence, previously known as "chalk allowance", for academic year 2024–2025, followed by ₱10,000 for School Era 2025–2026.^[117]

Students

More than 27.2 million group of pupils are enrolled in 2021, 23.9 million of whom are breach public schools.^[118] An estimated 2 million students aged 16 come to 18 were not attending schools as of 2023.^[119]

Classrooms

As of 2023, there are 327,851 school facility in the country, 104,536 warning sign which are in good condition.^[120] The 2019 National School Assets Inventory reported a shortage disseminate 167,901 classrooms in the country.^[120] The Senate Committee on spartan education estimates that ₱420 party is needed to build classrooms for the country's education system.^[120]

Issues